Abstract
In the last decades, new synthetic hybrid materials, with an inorganic and organic nature, have been developed to promote their application as protective coatings and/or structural consolidants for several substrates in the construction industry and cultural heritage field. In this context, the scientific community paid attention to geopolymers and their new hybrid functional derivatives to design and develop innovative and sustainable composites with better chemical resistance, durability and mechanical characteristics. This review offers an overview of the latest progress in geopolymer-based hybrid nanofunctional materials and their use to treat and restore cultural heritage, as well as their employment in the building and architectural engineering field. In addition, it discusses the influence of some parameters, such as the chemical and physical characteristics of the substrates, the dosage of the alkaline activator, and the curing treatment, which affect their synthesis and performance.
Highlights
The preservation and restoration of cultural heritage is considered by modern society to be a great responsibility toward future generations
The results showed that the only addition of the precursor to the epoxide resin leads to an enhancement of the thermal stability, which is, in turn, further improved by the addition of the geopolymeric matrix to the DGEBA, demonstrating how these hybrid materials can act as flame retardants [69]
Geopolymer mortars have captured the attention of an increasing number of researchers because of their particular features and potential application in many industrial fields, as a good sustainable alternative to cement
Summary
The preservation and restoration of cultural heritage is considered by modern society to be a great responsibility toward future generations. Granulated blast furnace slag (from the steel industry), fly ash (from coal combustion) and natural clays (metakaolin and haloysite or kaolinite fired at 700 ◦ C), since their low cost and availability, are employed as main precursors for producing alkali-activated materials [21–24], even if their production process allows to obtain a non-homogeneous products, which could cause problems in the geopolymer synthesis [16]. At this time, volcanic tuffs are the best materials for producing geopolymer cement [16,25]. Chemistry of geopolymers, focusing on the factors affecting the reaction mechanism of the polymerization process; The development of new hybrid materials deriving from functionalization with organic and inorganic nanomaterials or polymers; Their possible applications in the cultural heritage sector through a critical analysis of the various data present in the literature
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