Abstract
In Iraq, increment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) was reported, a zoonotic type caused by Leishmania major and an anthroponotic type caused by Leishmania tropica. This is attributed to environmental changes, irregular construction, increased waste, and stray dogs in the cities. Internal displacement, poverty, and malnutrition play a role in the occurrence of disease. Iraq has been exposed to wars, civil war, widespread violence, and terrorism, Internal displacement of population, unlawful housing, shortage of municipal services, and accumulation of garbage have been increasing in the cities since 2003. Reports from Iraqi MOH documented an increase in the rate of CL. Eventually, case investigation, vector, and reservoir controls were suspended. Geopolitical conflicts and geospatial health deterioration contributed to an increase in various dominant reservoir species in these areas, particularly for ZCL, and the activity of the sand flies. A sudden sharp increase in CL cases was observed during 2003–2015. In conclusion, ongoing crises exposed Iraq to deterioration, collapse, and destruction of health system infrastructure and uncontrolled urbanization, all of which can act as risk factors for Leishmaniasis.
Highlights
1.1 BackgroundLeishmaniasis is one of the most common zoonotic infectious diseases worldwide
Leishmaniasis is known to be endemic in Iraq since 3000–2000 B.C. and has been described for the first time by Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya’ al-Razi, one of GePoploeliatiscealuasned GAeodsopabteialACconroflibctastARffeecatidngeCruttoanreeouasdLtehisihsmbanoioaskis:cIrhaaqipCtearsesf,o2r01f4r-e20e1.5 DOI: http://dxJ.duosi.torog/p10e.n577t2h/isntescahmopeen.d10o1c14u7ment with Adobe Reader
Two types of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) were reported in Iraq, a zoonotic type caused by Leishmania major and an anthroponotic type caused by Leishmania tropica [18]
Summary
Leishmaniasis is one of the most common zoonotic infectious diseases worldwide. Leishmaniasis is considered as an emerging and remerging disease and a major public health problem in some regions, mainly in developing countries [4–6]. This phenomenon is attributed to environmental changes, irregular construction, LeiPshlmeaansieasuiss-eGAenedraolbAespAectcsroof baaSttigRmeaatidzeedrDtiosearseead this book chapter for free. CL is endemic in Iraq and its neighboring countries; Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey [9, 10]. In these countries, Sand-fly vectors and the reservoir for leishmaniasis species; dogs, foxes, rats, jerboas, and other small mammals have been described. In endemic areas, building mud houses near the natural habitats of the vector and the reservoir hosts increases human–sand fly contact and increases the risk for human Leishmaniasis [14]
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