Geomorphologic Hazard in Romania. Typology and Areal Distribution

Abstract

The general physiographic arrangements of the relief are characterized by a quasi-concentric disposal of altitudes, and the characteristics of the geomorphologic hazards are shaped accordingly. An essential feature of the geomorphologic hazards is their cohabitation with the pedologic processes, deriving long-lasting effects on elements at risk through land degradation. In Romania, the hills and the plateau regions are the most prone to geomorphologic hazards, particularly to landslides and erosion. The specificity of the geomorphologic hazards is given by their genesis and long-term evolution; thus, their impact upon the elements at risk manifests less direct with risk effects (human and material damages, respectively). In Romania, one can distinguish geomorphic hazards induced by slope processes, by river channel dynamics and by other various processes. The gravitational hazards include avalanches and rock falls landslides, collapses, suffusion and compaction phenomena. In their turn, the pluvial–torrential systems are highly frequent for the lands deprived of wood vegetation in sedimentary hilly, plateau and mountain areas. The hazards induced by channel processes occur mainly in the hills, lowlands and mountain depression areas. They are associated with high silting, channel wandering, braiding, side erosion and meandering in plains and subsidence areas. The hazards induced by various processes refer to the marine geomorphic system of the Black Sea coast and to the aeolian systems developed on sandy areas and at high altitudes. Geomorphologic hazards affect the Romanian territory with various degrees of intensity, thus contributing to land and soil degradation, with long-lasting effects on population.