Abstract
The article describes the geomorphic systems of spatial reference in the two Indo-Aryan languages Palula and Kalasha, spoken in adjacent areas of an alpine region in Northwestern Pakistan. Palula and Kalasha encode the inclination of the mountain slope as well as the flow of the river, in systematic and similar ways, and by use of distinct sets of nominal lexemes that may function adverbially. In their verbal systems, only Palula encode, landscape features in a systematic way, but both languages make use of a number of verbal sets that in different ways emphasise boundary-crossing. The article relates the analysis to Palmer's Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis that predicts that the linguistic system of spatial reference will reflect the topography of the surrounding landscape. The analysis of the geomorphic systems in Palula and Kalasha supports this hypothesis. However, data from a survey of spatial strategies in neighbouring languages, i.e., languages spoken in a similar alpine landscape, reveal another system that does not to the same extent or in a similar way encode typical landscape features such as the mountain slope and the flow of the river. This calls for a revision of Palmer's hypothesis that also takes language contact into consideration.
Highlights
This paper investigates parallel and different strategies of geomorphic coding in the two neighbouring Indo-Aryan languages Palula and Kalasha
Based on the description of how Palula and Kalasha incorporate the topography in their grammars and lexicons, we will, as a second aim, discuss to what extent these systems are similar, and to what extent Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis (TCH) in its current formulation can predict a system of spatial reference
The preceding survey has shown that Palula and Kalasha both employ geomorphic relational nouns for denoting slope-based and river-based location
Summary
Based on the description of how Palula and Kalasha incorporate the topography in their grammars and lexicons, we will, as a second aim, discuss to what extent these systems are similar, and to what extent TCH in its current formulation can predict a system of spatial reference. Together with a few other neighbouring languages, Palula and Kalasha do employ geomorphic coding based on the inclination of the mountain slope and the flow of the river. This is in contrast with other Hindu Kush languages, which in spite of shared alpine environment do not employ similar geomorphic coding strategies.
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