Abstract
An updated Lagrangian formulation of the spatial beam element is presented for a purely geometric nonlinear analysis in which the geometric stiffness matrix is expressed either by a one-dimensional integration of the stress resultants or by a closed form of element-end forces. A computer code, NACS, is developed based on this formulation which has a number of facilities to meet the special requirements for the analysis of suspension and cable-stayed bridges. Several example problems are reported.
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