Abstract
LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) systems are capable of providing 3D positional and spectral information (in the utilized spectrum range) of the mapped surface. Due to systematic errors in the system parameters and measurements, LiDAR systems require geometric calibration and radiometric correction of the intensity data in order to maximize the benefit from the collected positional and spectral information. This paper presents a practical approach for the geometric calibration of LiDAR systems and radiometric correction of collected intensity data while investigating their impact on the quality of the derived products. The proposed approach includes the use of a quasi-rigorous geometric calibration and the radar equation for the radiometric correction of intensity data. The proposed quasi-rigorous calibration procedure requires time-tagged point cloud and trajectory position data, which are available to most of the data users. The paper presents a methodology for evaluating the impact of the geometric calibration on the relative and absolute accuracy of the LiDAR point cloud. Furthermore, the impact of the geometric calibration and radiometric correction on land cover classification accuracy is investigated. The feasibility of the proposed methods and their impact on the derived products are demonstrated through experimental results using real data.
Highlights
The importance of geometric calibration and radiometric correction of active remote sensing data has been emphasized for Japan Earth Resources Satellite-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (JERS-1 SAR) [1], RADARSAT [2], European Remote-Sensing Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (ERS SAR) [3], and Advanced Land Observation Satellite Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOSPALSAR) [4]
The procedure for estimating the quantities, and ) in Equations (11) and (12) using the available data can be summarized as follows: (I) For a LiDAR point mapped at time, we identify trajectory positions within a certain time interval
Access to this type of data is not a concern. Since this calibration procedure derives approximations of some of the system raw measurements, the proposed procedure can provide as a by-product the necessary information for the radiometric correction of the LiDAR intensity data when system raw measurements are not available
Summary
The importance of geometric calibration and radiometric correction of active remote sensing data has been emphasized for Japan Earth Resources Satellite-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (JERS-1 SAR) [1], RADARSAT [2], European Remote-Sensing Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (ERS SAR) [3], and Advanced Land Observation Satellite Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOSPALSAR) [4]. Different rigorous geometric and radiometric correction models were developed by considering the scanning geometry, backscattering mechanism, and terrain induced distortions [5]. It has been shown that these factors have significant influence on the derived data products. Laser energy is emitted and the backscattered energy from the object space is recorded by the LiDAR system. The backscattered energy and the time delay between the signal emission and reception are used to derive a 3D point cloud, which is represented by the XYZ coordinates and the intensity I representing the peak backscattered laser energy from the object. Due to systematic errors in the LiDAR system parameters and measurements, geometric calibration and radiometric correction of the positional and intensity data are essential to ensure the best accuracy of the delivered products
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