Geologic controls of soil carbon cycling and microbial dynamics in temperate conifer forests

Abstract

Understanding soil carbon cycling is important for assessing ecosystem response to climate change. Temperate conifer forest soils contain a substantial portion of the global soil C pool and therefore are key components of the global carbon cycle. Despite the importance of temperate forest soil organic carbon (SOC) in the global carbon cycle, the mechanisms and dynamics of SOC accumulation and storage remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we sampled four soils over different bedrock types (rhyolite, granite, basalt, limestone) under Pinus ponderosa to explore the following questions: i) Within a specific ecosystem type, how do SOC contents vary among sites with differing mineralogy? ii) What physicochemical variables are most highly correlated with SOC content, soil microbial community composition and soil respiration? and iii) What mechanisms account for the influence of these variables on SOC cycling? Soil physiochemical and microbiological properties were characterized and compared on the basis of mineral assemblage, pH, organic carbon content, bacterial community composition, respiration rate, microbial biomass, specific metabolic activity ( qCO 2), and δ 13C of respired CO 2. The selected field sites spanned a physicochemical gradient, ranging from acid (pH of 5.2) to basic (pH of 7.1) from rhyolite to granite to basalt to limestone. The acidic rhyolite and granite soils had measurable amounts of exchangeable Al 3+ (up to 3 cmol + kg − 1 ). SOC content varied significantly among sites, ranging from 3.5 to 11 kg C m − 2 .in limestone and rhyolite soils, respectively. Soil bacterial communities were also significantly different among all sites. Metal–humus complex and Fe-oxyhydroxide content emerged as important controllers of SOC dynamics across all sites, showing significant correlation with both SOC content (Al–humus: R 2 = 0.71; P < 0.01; Fe–humus: R 2 = 0.75; P < 0.001; crystalline FeOx: R 2 = 0.63; P < 0.01) and bacterial community composition (Al–humus: R 2 = 0.35; P < 0.05; Fe–humus: R 2 = 0.51; P < 0.01; oxalate-extractable Fe: R 2 = 0.59; P < 0.01). Moreover, soil pH was significantly correlated with exchangeable Al 3+, metal–humus complex content, bacterial community composition, and microbial biomass C/N ratios. Results indicated that within a specific ecosystem, SOC dynamics and microbial community vary predictably with soil physicochemical variables directly related to mineralogical differences among soil parent materials. Specifically, the data suggest a gradient in the dominant SOC stabilization mechanism among sites, with chemical recalcitrance and metal–humus complexation the dominant control in soils of the acidic rhyolite and granite sites, and mineral adsorption the dominant factor in the basic limestone and basalt sites. Knowledge of parent material dependent SOC dynamics allows for improved estimates of ecosystem SOC stocks and the potential response of SOC to climate change.