Geographic variation, niche breadth and genetic differentiation at different geographic scales in the mussels Mytilus californianus and M. edulis

Abstract

Genetic differentiation was investigated in the marine mussels Mytilus californianus Conrad and M. edulis Linn. from the west coast of North America. In allopatry with M. californianus, M. edulis occurs throughout the intertidal zone; however, in microgeographic sympatry its ecological range is restricted to above the M. californianus mussel bed and to patches of substratum opened by natural disturbances within the bed. Over the same geographic scale, the broader-niched M. edulis shows greater among-locality genetic difference and greater levels of polymorphism than M. californianus at two enzyme loci. Genetic differentiation on a geographic basis was investigated in M. californianus at a single rock (on a scale of meters), on an island (on a scale of kilometers), throughout a strait (on a scale of 102 kilometers), and along the west coast of North America (on a scale of 103 km). Differentiation was minimal over the west coast, and could be explained by microhabitat differences in a local area. The minimal differentiation in west coast mussels relative to strong geographic differentiation of M. edulis on the east coast of North America may be related to the steeper latitudinal thermal gradient on the east coast. Local ecologically related microgeographic variation can result in biased and misleading estimates of genetic heterogeneity but microgeographic variation at enzyme loci may not be due to selection at the loci investigated or may even be due to the breeding structure of the mussel populations, as suggested by Tracey et al. (1975).