Geographic variation in lizard phenotypes: importance of the incubation environment

Abstract

Geographic variation in phenotypes can result from proximate environmental eVects as well as from underlying genetic factors. Reciprocal transplant experiments, in which organisms are moved from one area to another, oVer a powerful technique to partition the eVects of these two factors. However, many studies that have utilized this technique have focused on the post-hatching organism only and ignored potential eVects of environmental influences acting during embryonic development. We examined the phenotypic responses of hatchling scincid lizards (Lampropholis guichenoti) incubated in the laboratory under thermal regimes characteristic of natural nests in two study areas in southeastern Australia. Although the sites were less than 120 km apart, lizards from these two areas diVered in thermal regimes of natural nests, and in hatchling phenotypes (morphology, locomotor performance). We incubated eggs from each area under the thermal regimes typical of both sites. Some of the traits we measured (e.g. hatchling mass and snout-vent length) showed little or no phenotypic plasticity in response to diVerences in incubation conditions, whereas other traits (e.g. incubation period, tail length, inter-limb length, body shape, locomotor performance) were strongly influenced by the thermal regime experienced by the embryo. Thus, a significant proportion of the geographic variation in morphology and locomotor performance of hatchling lizards may be directly induced by diVerences in nest temperatures rather than by genetic divergence. We suggest that future studies using the reciprocal transplant design should consider environmental influences on all stages of the life-history, including embryonic development as well as post-hatching life.