Abstract
Peat restoration is a key climate mitigation action for achieving Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) emission reduction target. The level of carbon reduction resulting from peat restoration is uncertain, owing in part to diverse methodologies and land covers. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the impact of rewetting on reduction of total CO2 in soil and heterotrophic emissions at the country level. The tier 2 emission factor associated with the land cover category in Indonesia was also calculated. The analysis included a total of 32 studies with 112 observations (data points) for total CO2 emissions and 31 observations for heterotrophic emissions in Indonesia. The results show that the land cover category is not a significant predictor of heterotrophic and total soil emissions, but the highest observed soil emissions were found in the plantation forest. Using the random-effects model, our results suggest that an increase in the water table depth of 10 cm would result in an increase in total CO2 emissions of 2.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1 and an increase in heterotrophic emissions of 2.3 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1. Our findings show that managing water table depth in degraded peatlands in various land cover types is important to achieve Indonesia’s emission reduction target by 2030.
Highlights
Protecting and restoring soil organic matter delivers many benefits for people and provides a comprehensive solution for climate change, in particular for tropical peatlands [1,2].There is a growing international interest in soil carbon in international climate mitigation work, such as the “4 per 1000” Initiative in Paris in 2015 and recognition of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) process in 2017 in the COP 23 decision 4/CP.23
When classifying the sites based on both land use as defined by Prananto et al [61], these 112 studies were divided into four categories in each definition, with plantations and forests accounting for the highest number of total CO2 observations for land use [61] and land cover as defined by IPCC for wetlands [28], respectively
Our study revealed that predictors such as water table depth and latitude were positively associated with the heterogeneity of either total or heterotrophic CO2 emissions
Summary
Protecting and restoring soil organic matter delivers many benefits for people and provides a comprehensive solution for climate change, in particular for tropical peatlands [1,2].There is a growing international interest in soil carbon in international climate mitigation work, such as the “4 per 1000” Initiative in Paris in 2015 and recognition of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) process in 2017 in the COP 23 decision 4/CP.. Protecting and restoring soil organic matter delivers many benefits for people and provides a comprehensive solution for climate change, in particular for tropical peatlands [1,2]. The SOC element with the highest potential for natural climate solutions (NCSs) in the tropics is peatland restoration, which stands at 200 GtCO2 eq year−1 [3,4]. NCS analysis has shown that restoring peatlands is one of the most promising strategies to achieve country emission reductions by 2030 [5], with potential emission reductions of 878 MtonCO2 eq year−1 in Indonesia [4]. Peatlands are critical for climate change and the global carbon cycle. Undrained tropical peatlands have a significant climate stabilizing effect because of the rich carbon underneath the soil [7,8]. Tropical peatlands represent an important ecosystem in the global carbon budget, accounting for 10% of global peatlands and storing
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