Abstract
Geography Mark-up Language (GML) is the geographic information coding specification based on the Extensible Markup Language (XML) technology, which was developed by the Open GIS Consortium (OGC). GML expresses spatial and non-spatial attributes of geographic objects. Retrievals for traditional XML and geographic information have some limitations with respect to GML data, such as mismatching of the retrieval model, a single search form, and low retrieval quality. Based on analysis of the attributes, spatial relations, and structural features of GML data, this paper takes GML data elements as retrieval units and summarizes the GML retrieval mode. Then, the GML retrieval mode is constructed and formalized. On this basis, the GML Geographic Information Retrieval (GML_GIR) model is presented. The method implements the construction of a comprehensive index and the relative ordering of retrieval results by means of Lucene, an open-source full-text retrieval framework, and its components. For different features of GML data, corresponding relevance calculations are proposed. This study designs several different retrieval forms for GML data and simplifies the process of user information acquisitions. It provides reference methods for exploring geographical information retrieval based on semi-structured data represented by GML. Experimental results showed the efficiency and accuracy of the retrieval method.
Highlights
With the implementation of the Geography Markup Language (GML) International Standard (ISO 19136-2007), the popularity of Web Feature Services (WFS) has increased
The GML data generated by artificial or spatial services have surfaced on the Internet and have been extended to many data specifications, such as the Keyhole Markup Language (KML), CityGML, and WFS
The first is document-type GML data stored locally in the form of text, such as the Aeronautical Information Exchange Model (AIXM) [2] based on GML data, the urban 3D modeling based CityGML [3], etc.; the second is service-type GML data stored on the web server in the form of data services, such as WFS and Web Feature Gazetteer Services (WFS-G)
Summary
With the implementation of the Geography Markup Language (GML) International Standard (ISO 19136-2007), the popularity of Web Feature Services (WFS) has increased. Guan et al [19] expanded the XQuery data model and formal semantics, thereby increasing the query and spatial topology based on geometric elements Their studies may be more accepted by more users if the complexity of the query language and operations was reduced. XML document retrieval methods can perform spatial information retrieval, they do not consider the relationship between GML data attributes and structural features. Research on GIR mainly focuses on a specific data format, or structured geographic information data for semi-structural geospatial data, all of which are described in the form of tag pairs, such as GML, KML, SVG, WFS-G, and CityGML. To address the above limitations, this paper presents the GML Geographic Information Retrieval (GML_GIR) model and retrieval method for GML data It realizes the diversification of search styles, returns more relevant retrieval results, and enriches the contents and forms of GIR
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