Geographic and temporal genetic structure in Lepeophtheirus salmonis from four salmon farms along the northwest and west coasts of Ireland: results from a microsatellite analysis

Abstract

The marine ectoparasitic copepod of salmonids, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer), is a major pest of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) causing great economic impact. The spatial scales over which L. salmonis populations in different salmon farms are typically connected, and the temporal scales over which L. salmonis from the same farm typically undergo genetic change are largely unknown. These questions were posed in a small-scale geographic study of population structure in L. salmonis from four salmon farms, along the northwest and west coasts of Ireland, using two outgroups from Norway and Canada. The temporal stability of genetic composition was also studied in samples collected quarterly during one year from one salmon farm in Ireland. Genetic composition in L. salmonis was characterised using four nuclear microsatellites. Significant but low genetic differentiation was observed between all sites (F ST = 0.08), with no evidence that differentiation was correlated with geographic distance. Temporal genetic differentiation was also evident (F ST = 0.07). An analysis of all L. salmonis samples except the ones from Norway detected two separate clusters. Each cluster contained both geographical and temporal samples. These results are consistent with a population model in which L. salmonis in salmon farms along the northwest and west coasts of Ireland are not isolated, but are potentially subject to (i) localised ecological factors at the particular farm sites or (ii) selection post-settlement or a combination thereof.