Abstract
The Upper Birimian (Paleoproterozoic) formations consist mainly of a detrital sedimentary pile intercalated with calc-alkaline volcanites that were accreted during the Eburnean orogeny (∼2.1 Ga). The sediments of the Upper Birimian group were analyzed for their major and trace elements concentrations and their Nd–Sr isotopic compositions. The shales are enriched in Al 2O 3 and K 2O relative to PAAS and depleted in the other mobile major elements and LILE whereas the fe-shales show enrichments in CaO and MnO and depletions in Al 2O 3 and K 2O relative to PAAS but have similar depletion in LILE. Together with the subarkose samples, the shales have undergone significant post-depositional K metasomatism as indicated in the A–CN–K diagram. The calculated pre-metasomatism CIA values (83–92) indicates a high degree of source weathering compatible with steady-state weathering under tropical to subtropical conditions. The fe-shales have lower CIA values (46–57) reflecting less intense weathering conditions. Low Eu anomalies and Th/Sc ratios combined with high Cr/Th ratios for certain samples indicate a significant input of basic detritus for the analyzed sediments. Provenance modeling indicates that the shales are best modeled with a mixture having 75% basalt (75B) and 25% granite (25G). The fe-shales have a similar provenance with their compositions being modeled with a 80B 20G mixture. The ɛ Nd values of selected shales, calculated at 2.1 Ga, the age of the deposition, vary from −2.8 to −8.6, which indicate that the sediment received 60–100% of its detritus from a juvenile Birimian volcanic arc. Therefore, the Birimian sediments deposited within an active continental margin setting mostly supplied by the adjacent volcanic arc.
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