Abstract
Metals and trace elements may occur naturally in rocks and soils, but elevated quantities of them are gradually released into the environment by anthropogenic activities such as mining. The current study aims at characterizing the spatial distribution of trace elements and evaluate site-specific geochemical background concentrations of trace elements in the mine soils and river sediments and also to discriminate between lithogenic and anthropogenic sources of enrichment around a copper-nickel mining town in Selibe-Phikwe, Botswana. A total of 43 soil, 30 river sediments, and 9 river water samples were collected from an area of 500 m2 within the precincts of the mine. The total concentration of Cu, Ni, Cr, As, Co and Zn in soils and sediments were determined using ED-XRF while river water samples were analyzed by ICP-AES. Geochemical pollution indices such as Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF) and Integrated Pollution Index (IPI) were employed for the assessment of metal and trace element contamination. The average metal concentration in soil of Cu, Ni, Cr, As, Co and Zn in the study area were 109.8, 107.1, 72.0, 2.3, 7.8 and 36.1 mg/kg, respectively. To calculate the geochemical baseline, Relative cumulative frequency curves and the 4 s -outlier test methods suggested by Matschullat et al. (2000) were incorporated. The estimated average baseline concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn and As are 53.8, 51.85, 53.95, 5.6, 32.36 and 4.27 mg?kg1, respectively. Soil leachate, sediment leachate and river water pH levels ranged from basic (9) to very acidic (3) in areas closer to the mine. There is high variation in heavy metal concentration, e.g. Cu, depicting regional natural background concentrations while others depict anthropogenic sources. The calculated Igeo values revealed moderate pollution level by the same metals. The result of integrated pollution indices suggested a generally deteriorating site quality. The results of chemical analysis also indicate that the trace elements in soils decreased with respect to distance from the mine; controlled mainly by water movement, wind direction, and topography.
Highlights
Mining activities are responsible for different types of environmental problems all over the world
The current study aims at characterizing the spatial distribution of trace elements and evaluate site-specific geochemical background concentrations of trace elements in the mine soils and river sediments and to discriminate between lithogenic and anthropogenic sources of enrichment around a copper-nickel mining town in Selibe-Phikwe, Botswana
River water samples were collected from Motloutse River and its tributaries, labeled on Figure 7 as T1, T2 and T3 .The samples were brought to the laboratory where they were oven dried at temperatures of 80 ̊C for 2hr and mixed thoroughly to obtain the representative samples
Summary
Mining activities are responsible for different types of environmental problems all over the world. In contrast to other pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons and domestic or municipal litter which may visibly build up in the environment, heavy metals in the environment often accumulate unnoticed to toxic levels. They tend to settle on river beds or persist in streams or land for long periods of time, providing a long-term source of contamination to the surrounding inhabitants. These heavy metals have the potential to harm the environment and human health as they continue causing damage long time after mining has ceased. Due to the deterioration of water and soil quality due to the impacts of heavy metals, there was a need to study the heavy metals around the defunct copper mining at Selibe Phikwe to establish their levels of concentration and dispersion in the area, as well as their source
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