Geochemical and stable isotope signatures of Proterozoic stromatolitic carbonates from the Vempalle and Tadpatri Formations, Cuddapah Supergroup, India: Implications on paleoenvironment and depositional conditions

Abstract

Spectacular stromatolitic dolomites with varied morphological features are preserved in the Vempalle and Tadpatri Formations of the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin, eastern Dharwar Craton. They exhibit stratifera, columnar, conical, domal and spheroidal/lobate morphologies in which columns are branched at some places (in Tadpatri Formation). Based on their trace elements such as REY and stable isotope compositions (carbon and oxygen) the Vempalle stromatolites have been classified as three types. Vempalle I stromatolites exhibit pronounced positive Eu anomalies with small scale positive Ce anomalies whereas Vempalle II counterparts have slight negative to positive Eu, feeble positive Ce and positive Gd anomalies. Vemaplle III stromatolites display positive Ce, Eu and Gd anomalies. The Tadpatri Formation stromatolites have pronounced Gd anomalies with low order positive Ce and Eu anomalies. Significant depletion in δ18O is observed in Vempalle ranging from – 10.70‰ to −7.07‰ and 20.73‰ to −11.87‰ in Tadpatri Formations. The Tadpatri stromatolites display negative δ13C varying from −4. 56‰ to −1.26‰. Contrarily, the Vempalle stromatolites recorded both positive and negative δ13C ranging from −0.24‰ to 2.00‰ thereby reflecting their deviation from the popular belief of the boring billion concept of displaying Midproterozoic δ13C stasis. The flat REE patterns along with Ce, Eu and Gd anomalies, chondritic to superchondritic Y/Ho ratios collectively reflect on marine water conditions for their deposition with variable inputs of siliciclastic/terrigenous materials and hydrothermal signatures. These cherty dolomitic stromatolites were deposited in subtidal-intertidal-supratidal zones of a shallow shelf of Proterozoic open ocean under warm, alkaline and anoxic conditions.