Geo3o1: a tool for 3D georeferencing accuracy assessment of tri-stereo images by state-of-the-art sensor dependent orientation model

Abstract

We subjected a tool for 3D georeferencing accuracy assessment of tri-stereo primary images of Pléiades 1A/1B/Neo, SPOT 6/7, and Göktürk-1, developed in the MATLAB environment considering their private sensor-dependent orientation model. Although the orientation model has been developed by the image vendors, the major contribution of Geo3o1 was the two-step adjustment process. The basic stages of estimating the 3D georeferencing accuracy were (i) estimating the direct georeferencing accuracy by raw orientation parameters, (ii) pre-adjustment of look angles using ground control points (GCPs), and (iii) bundle adjustment. In addition, the efficiency and validation of exterior orientation parameters and also the correlation among interior and exterior orientation parameters could be analyzed. Geo3o1 has the capability of handling the images in stereo or tri-stereo modes. The case study has been carried out by the Pléiades 1A panchromatic tri-stereo primary images with 50-cm geometric resolution. About 90 points were used as GCPs/ICPs in two distribution scenarios. The accuracy on ground was estimated centimeter level at GCPs whereas the accuracy was naturally coarser at ICPs at ∼ ± 1 GSD. The efficiency and validation of exterior orientation parameters and the correlations were also shown by two samples. The research was carried out over an undulating, mountainous area in Zonguldak, Türkiye.