Abstract
The genus Periploca belongs to the family Apocynaceae, which is composed of approximately ten species of plants according to incomplete statistics. Most of these plants serve as folk medicines with a long history, especially Periploca sepium and Periploca forrestii. The botanical classifications, chemical constituents, biological activities and toxicities of the genus Periploca were summarized in the literature from 1897 to early 2019. Though the botanical classification of this genus is controversial, these species are well-known to be rich sources of diverse and complex natural products—above all, cardiac steroids and C21 pregnane steroids with special structures and obvious pharmacological activities. The various crude extracts and 314 isolated metabolites from this genus have attracted much attention in intensive biological studies, indicating that they are equipped with cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, insecticidal and other properties. It is noteworthy that some cardiac glycosides showed hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity at certain doses. Therefore, in view of the medical and agricultural value of the genus Periploca, in-depth investigations of the pharmacology in vivo, the mechanisms of biological actions, and the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients should be carried out in the future. Moreover, in order to ensure the safety of clinical medication, the potential toxicities of cardiac glycosides or other compounds should also be paid attention. This systematic review provides an important reference base for applied research on pharmaceuticals and pesticides from this genus.
Highlights
The genus Periploca belongs to the family Apocynaceae [1] and involves approximately ten species which are diffusely distributed in temperate Asia, southern Europe and tropical Africa [2]
314 diverse metabolites have been isolated from the genus Periploca, and are they are composed of steroids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, quinones, aromatics, and so on
Oligosaccharides, which have a high rate of new compounds (78.3%) featuring multifarious deoxysugar and non-deoxysugar, strictly conform to the regularity of the saccharide chains in the cardenolides and C21 pregnane glycosides of this genus
Summary
The genus Periploca belongs to the family Apocynaceae [1] and involves approximately ten species which are diffusely distributed in temperate Asia, southern Europe and tropical Africa [2]. Many species of this genus have been historically used as folk medicines in China, especially Periploca sepium and Periploca forrestii. Ren, was found in Gansu, China in 2002 and is similar to P. sepium, with a difference in the corolla [9] These two new species have not been included in the flora at home and abroad to date.
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