Genotyping methods and their contributions to the study of tuberculosis dynamic in Latin America.

Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping has impacted evolutionary studies worldwide. Nonetheless, its application and the knowledge generated depend on the genetic marker evaluated and the detection technologies that have evolved over the years. Here we describe the timeline of main genotypic methods related to M. tuberculosis in Latin America and the main findings obtained. Systematic searches through the PubMed database were performed from 1993 to May 2021. A total of 345 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected. Spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) was the most widely used method in Latin America, with decreasing use in parallel with increasing use of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Among the countries, Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina had the most publications, and a considerable part of the articles were in collaboration with Latin American or non-Latin American institutions; a small proportion of studies needed partnerships to perform the genotypic methods. The genotypic methods allowed the identification of M. tuberculosis genotypes with greater capacity for clonal expansion and revealed the predominance of the Euro-American lineage in Latin America. There was a notable presence of the Beijing family in Peru and Colombia. The data obtained demonstrated the importance of expanding collaborative networks of tuberculosis (TB) research groups to countries with low productivity in this area, the commitment of the few Latin American countries to advance TB research, as well as the inestimable value of building a Latin America database, considering ease of population mobility between countries.