Abstract
Potato is considered to have a low phosphorus (P) efficiency compared to other crops. Therefore, P fertilization requirements are high. New cultivars with improved P efficiency may contribute to save limited mineral P sources and to reduce eutrophication of surface water bodies. The present study aims to characterize the P efficiency of different potato genotypes and to identify mechanisms that improve P efficiency in cultivated potato. A diversity set of 32 potato accessions was used to assess their P efficiency. From this set, five cultivars were selected and two pot experiments with different P-fertilization strategies including a non-fertilized control were conducted to estimate effects of P deficiency on general agronomic and P related traits, root development, phosphatase activity and micro RNA 399 (miR399) expression. Significant differences between the 32 genotypes were found for P utilization efficiency (PUtE). P acquisition efficiency (PAE) as P content in low P in relation to P content in high P was positively correlated to relative biomass production while PUtE was not. Selected genotypes displayed a strong relation between total root length and P content. Root phosphatase activity and miR399 expression increased under P deficiency. However, tuber yields of four cultivars, grown on a soil with suboptimal content of plant available P, were not significantly affected in comparison to yields of well-fertilized plots. We conclude from the present study that PUtE and PAE are important traits when selecting for plants requiring less fertilizer inputs but PAE might be more important for cropping on deficient soils. A large root system might be the most important trait for P acquisition on such soils and therefore in breeding for P efficient crops. Lowering P fertilizer inputs might not necessarily reduce tuber yields.
Highlights
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient required for plant growth and metabolism and is applied as fertilizer in agricultural systems
We found differences in the shoot and tuber yields as well as in P contents between 32 potato cultivars under high and low P fertilizer treatments
Since P content of plants was related to total root length, we conclude that an exploratory and dense root system is one of the major goals in breeding for P efficient crops
Summary
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient required for plant growth and metabolism and is applied as fertilizer in agricultural systems. Phosphorus Efficiency of Potato Genotypes fertilizers are used, the concentration of available P in the soil solution can be lower than the level needed for optimal plant growth (Ma et al, 2009). Protons, and anions exuded from plant roots can release phosphate from stable complexes and increase the amount of plant available P (Hinsinger, 2001). Phosphatases, released by plant roots and microorganisms, are able to mobilize soil P via mineralization of organic P (Hinsinger et al, 2015). Phosphatases improve plant P acquisition from the soil and increase internal inorganic phosphate concentrations if plant available P in the soil is limited. Both leaf and root phosphatase activity increase under P deficiency. The expressions of three potato purple acid phosphatases were characterized by Zimmermann et al (2004), of which two responded to P deficiency with increased expressions in roots
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