Abstract
Plant surface or phyllosphere is the habitat of hyperdiverse microbial communities and it is always exposed to the fluctuating environmental factors, which is thought to be one of the potential drivers of microbial community structuring. Impact of grapevine genotypes in variable environmental factors (i.e., at different geographic locations) on the phyllosphere has never been studied and is the main objective of this report. Using high throughput short amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), we analyzed the impacts of genotypes of Vitis Vinifera (coming from three genetic pool), on the microbial (bacterial and fungal) assemblage in the phyllosphere. First, we performed the analysis of the phyllosphere microbiome while using fifteen genotypes that were chosen to maximize intra-specific diversity and grown in two Mediterranean vineyards. Then, the same analysis was performed on five commercially important varieties of Vitis vinifera that were sampled from three different French agro-climatic zones (or terroir: a combination of climate, soils, and human practices). Our study revealed that, at a particular geographic location, genotypes have an impact on microbial assemblage in the phyllosphere and carposphere of leaf and fruit (or berries), respectively, which is more prominent on the carposphere but the effect of terroir was much stronger than the genotype when the leaf phyllosphere of five grapevine varieties grown in different agro-climatic zones was compared. Impacts of the season and exterior plant organs (leaf and berries) on microbial taxa structuring in the phyllosphere was also assessed and presented in this report.
Highlights
The phyllosphere consists of the aerial parts of the plant and it is one of the most prevalent microbial habitats on earth [1]
The phyllosphere or carposphere microbial communities (PMCs) live at the plant-climate interface and its ability to establish, thrive and reproduce on the leaf or fruit surface depends on several microbial functional traits, such as the ability to attach to the cuticle and to use the foliar nutrients, as well as to the prevailing climatic conditions, like temperature, air humidity, and rain [3,4,5]
Our results indicated a compositional dissimilarity for bacterial populations between two seasons, but the uniqueness of the composition did not change, which was further confirmed by the relative abundance analysis (Figure 1E)
Summary
The phyllosphere consists of the aerial parts of the plant and it is one of the most prevalent microbial habitats on earth [1]. The phyllosphere or carposphere microbial communities (PMCs) live at the plant-climate interface and its ability to establish, thrive and reproduce on the leaf or fruit surface depends on several microbial functional traits, such as the ability to attach to the cuticle and to use the foliar nutrients, as well as to the prevailing climatic conditions, like temperature, air humidity, and rain [3,4,5]. Air pollutants (e.g., oxides of nitrogen and sulfur and particulate matters) that are produced by human activities can alter foliar traits, including cuticle properties [13], leaf chemistry, and phenology [14,15] may affect the structure of PMCs. some of the pollutants can be used as a carbon source by PMCs [16]
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