Abstract
Prebiotic carbohydrates are compounds that include simple sugars, sugar alcohols, and raffinose family oligosaccharides, which are fermented by gut bacteria and can influence the species profile of the gut microbiome to reduce obesity and weight gain. Prebiotic carbohydrates are also associated with several health benefits including reduced insulin dependence and incidence of colorectal cancer. Although pulse crops such as chickpea have been important sources of nutrition for human diets for thousands of years, relatively little is known about the profiles of prebiotic carbohydrates in pulse crops. The objectives of this study were to characterize the type and concentration of seed prebiotic carbohydrates in 18 kabuli chickpea genotypes grown in 2017 and 2018 in Idaho and Washington, and partition variance components conditioning these nutritional quality traits in chickpea. Genotype effects were significant for fructose, sucrose, raffinose, and kestose. Environment effects were also significant for several carbohydrates. However, year effects were the greatest sources of variance for all carbohydrates. Concentrations of most carbohydrates were significantly greater in 2017, when there was less precipitation during the growing season coupled with greater heat stress during grain filling than in 2018. This may reflect the role of many of these carbohydrates as osmoprotectants produced in response to heat and water stress. Overall, our results suggest that a survey of more genetically diverse plant materials, such as a chickpea ‘mini-core' collection, may reveal genotypes that produce significantly greater concentrations of selected prebiotic carbohydrates and could be used to introduce desirable nutritional traits into adapted chickpea cultivars.
Highlights
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was one of eight ‘founder crops' domesticated 9,000–11,000 years ago by Neolithic communities in riparian zones along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is Turkey and Syria (Lev-Yadun et al, 2000)
Environment effects were significant for several carbohydrates including sorbitol, glucose, fructose, kestose, and soluble starch
Significant genotype × year effects were observed for fructose and raffinose, the magnitudes of these effects were minor in comparison with year effects
Summary
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was one of eight ‘founder crops' domesticated 9,000–11,000 years ago by Neolithic communities in riparian zones along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is Turkey and Syria (Lev-Yadun et al, 2000). Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in terms of global production, after dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), with over 14.7 million Mt produced in 2017 (FAOSTAT, 2019). India is responsible of more than 80% of annual global production with Myanmar, Ethiopia, Turkey, and Pakistan being other major producers (FAOSTAT, 2019). Desi chickpeas have a ‘teardrop' shape and tend to be smaller in size and have thicker and darker seed coats than kabuli chickpeas, which have a rounder shape and tend to be larger and lighter in color (Toker, 2009). Desi chickpeas are typically dehulled to remove seed coats and split and cooked to produce dhal, or are ground to make flour, whereas kabuli chickpeas are usually cooked whole without removing seed coats and used for salads, canned, or for making edible spreads such as hummus (Yadav et al, 2007)
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