Genotoxicity, Teratogenicity and Mutagenicity of Sulfur Mustard Poisoning

Abstract

Sulfur Mustard (SM) or mustard gas is the most widely used chemical weapons throughout the history. It has been used in World War 1 and recently in Iran-Iraq conflict. Disabilities produced by SM are continuing problems and various cancers as a consequence of SM exposure were reported. Different in vitro and in vivo studies showed DNA damage and mutations following sulfur mustard exposure. These findings along with the other reported delayed complications as cancer following SM toxicity, suggest instability in the genetic system. The most accepted theory of SM toxicity is alkylation reactions with DNA, RNA and proteins in the cell. DNA is the main target for SM toxicity and DNA cross links and adducts constitute 15 % and 85 % of DNA damages respectively. Several studies have documented the mutagenic effects of SM in mammalian cells, in vivo and in vitro test systems. Measurement of DNA damage, measurement of proteins involved in DNA damage and repair signalling, measurement of markers of oxidative stress and evaluation of chromosomal aberration are among the most important tests for evaluating of SM genotoxicity. There is no treatment for SM toxicity yet, therefore, increasing our knowledge about the mechanisms of SM genotoxicity, would help us better understanding about prevention and treatment of SM toxicity in human. Few studies are available regarding the reproductive effects of SM in animals and humans and the results are controversial.