Abstract
The genotoxic activities of effluents from drainage water treatment plants were examined by using the novel umu tester strain NM8001, which lacks MutMst genes. To enhance the sensitivity of the LacZ assay, a BugBuster mix protein extraction reagent and TokyoGreen-β Gal for a fluorescence-galactosidase substrate were applied. Of the 24 sampling locations present in Kanagawa prefecture, Japan, water extracts from nine sampling points showed apparent genotoxic activities without metabolic activation. In contrast, water extracts from the upper sites of these water treatment plants did not show any significant genotoxic activities. The selected samples with genotoxic activity did not show significant mutagenicity toward Ames strains TA98 and TA100. Genotoxicity was also well correlated with the activity of a classical umu strain of TA1535/pSK1002; these findings indicate that the genotoxicity induced by oxidative damage was not a significant component of the genotoxicity.
Highlights
The contamination of surface water causes severe public health problems and probable adverse effects on aquatic biota [1] [2] [3]
We evaluated river water extracts with the new NM8001 strain, which has recently been developed for the facile detection of oxidative DNA damage [11]
TokyoGreen-β Gal is known to be a cell penetration reagent, as it can penetrate the inside of mammalian cells; galactosidase activity can be measured without the use of protein extraction reagents
Summary
The contamination of surface water causes severe public health problems and probable adverse effects on aquatic biota [1] [2] [3]. The net adverse effects, especially on aquatic biota, are still unknown These materials are released into surface water and reach river water via water treatment plants. Agricultural and industrial wastewater is treated together in the same sewage treatment plant as commercial chemicals These circumstances cause effluent chemical compounds to be much more complex following chemical and biological water treatment, resulting in a complicated mixture of chemicals in the drainage water that reaches a river [6] [7]. Many studies have evaluated the genotoxic and/or mutagenic activity of river water extracts in Japan [10] [11]. Recent studies have demonstrated the genotoxic activities of the effluent of water treatment plants by using the umu test, which is the conventional genotoxicity assay system that uses Salmonella [14] [15] [16]. The main river in the region is the Sagami River, which flows through Sagami Bay
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