Abstract
Medicinal plants (MPs) account for 70–80% of use in primary care around the world, and this percentage indicates that the number of MP users is high; thus, it is necessary to focus studies on medicinal herbs to ensure their proper use. In addition, MPs have strong genotoxic effects, as some types of MPs can cause DNA damage. Any substance that raises the risk of cancer or a tumor in an organism is called a carcinogen. There are many genotoxic and carcinogenic substances in the environment that can directly or indirectly affect genetic material. There are also nanoparticles (NPs) derived from MPs. Carbon-based NPs contain many nanoscale materials, such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, as well as metals such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), and aluminum (Al). Unfortunately, few studies are concerned with the carcinogenicity of NPs from MPs, whereas many researchers are interested in genotoxic assessment. For this reason, there is an urgent need for more studies into the safety of MPs and NPs. Therefore, this study reviewed the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of MPs and their derived NPs. We also emphasized the need for strict regulation and monitoring of MP usage.
Highlights
There are many tests to evaluate genotoxicity, some of which are used at the molecular level and some at the chromosome level; these tests are used to detect the genetic toxicity that occurs from many causes, such as chemicals and some types of compounds derived from Medicinal plants (MPs)
Some studies report the toxicity and other issues of extracts of herbal MPs [20,21,22]. Cytotoxic effects such as cell death, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial membrane potential, lysosomal membrane integrity, and the amount of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH) of concentration-dependent rizatriptan were investigated in the hepatocytes of rats
The results showed that bupropion-induced ROS and LPO formation depleted the content of GSH, and increased mitochondrial collapse
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Some studies report the toxicity and other issues of extracts of herbal MPs [20,21,22] Cytotoxic effects such as cell death, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial membrane potential, lysosomal membrane integrity, and the amount of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH) of concentration-dependent rizatriptan were investigated in the hepatocytes of rats. In another study [24], studied the toxic effects of bupropion in rat cells The parameters such as death of cells, LDH leakage, ROS and LPO formation, and mitochondrial depolarization were examined as oxidative stress markers. The toxic effects of bupropion were reversed by α-tocopherol succinate, N-acetyl cysteine, and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore sealing agent cyclosporine A It was, postulated that mitochondria could participate in the oxidative stress response and the bupropion-induced toxicological effects
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