Genomics and evolutionary aspect of calcium signaling event in calmodulin and calmodulin-like proteins in plants

Tapan Kumar Mohanta,Hanhong Bae,Pradeep Kumar

doi:10.1186/s12870-017-0989-3

Abstract

BackgroundCa2+ ion is a versatile second messenger that operate in a wide ranges of cellular processes that impact nearly every aspect of life. Ca2+ regulates gene expression and biotic and abiotic stress responses in organisms ranging from unicellular algae to multi-cellular higher plants through the cascades of calcium signaling processes.ResultsIn this study, we deciphered the genomics and evolutionary aspects of calcium signaling event of calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin like- (CML) proteins. We studied the CaM and CML gene family of 41 different species across the plant lineages. Genomic analysis showed that plant encodes more calmodulin like-protein than calmodulins. Further analyses showed, the majority of CMLs were intronless, while CaMs were intron rich. Multiple sequence alignment showed, the EF-hand domain of CaM contains four conserved D-x-D motifs, one in each EF-hand while CMLs contain only one D-x-D-x-D motif in the fourth EF-hand. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that, the CMLs were evolved earlier than CaM and later diversified. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that different CaM and CMLs genes were express differentially in different tissues in a spatio-temporal manner.ConclusionIn this study we provided in detailed genome-wide identifications and characterization of CaM and CML protein family, phylogenetic relationships, and domain structure. Expression study of CaM and CML genes were conducted in Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris. Our study provides a strong foundation for future functional research in CaM and CML gene family in plant kingdom.

Highlights

Ca2+ ion is a versatile second messenger that operate in a wide ranges of cellular processes that impact nearly every aspect of life
Study shows the presence of four calcium binding D-x-D motifs in CaM and one D-x-D-x-D motif in calmodulin like- (CML)
Identification of CaM and CML gene family The calmodulin and calmodulin-like genes of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa were downloaded from the “Arabidopsis Information Resource” database [21] and “Rice Genome Annotation Project” respectively [22]

Summary

Introduction

Ca2+ ion is a versatile second messenger that operate in a wide ranges of cellular processes that impact nearly every aspect of life. Ca2+ regulates gene expression and biotic and abiotic stress responses in organisms ranging from unicellular algae to multi-cellular higher plants through the cascades of calcium signaling processes. During the process of evolution, the element calcium (Ca) was born by successive capture of α particle by oxygen and neon in the process of nuclear fusion [1, 2]. This is because Mg2+ binds the cytosolic water molecules less efficiently than phosphates. If there will be higher Ca2+ concentrations in the cytosol, Ca2+ will bind with phosphate and turning the cell into a bone like structure.

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