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Abstract
BackgroundPenicillium chrysogenum is a filamentous fungal species with diverse habitats, yet little is known about its genetics in adapting to extreme subseafloor sedimental environments.ResultsHere, we report the discovery of P. chrysogenum strain 28R-6-F01, isolated from deep coal-bearing sediments 2306 m beneath the seafloor. This strain possesses exceptional characteristics, including the ability to thrive in extreme conditions such as high temperature (45 °C), high pressure (35 Mpa), and anaerobic environments, and exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, producing the antibiotic penicillin at a concentration of 358 μg/mL. Genome sequencing and assembly revealed a genome size of 33.19 Mb with a GC content of 48.84%, containing 6959 coding genes. Comparative analysis with eight terrestrial strains identified 88 unique genes primarily associated with penicillin and aflatoxins biosynthesis, carbohydrate degradation, viral resistance, and three secondary metabolism gene clusters. Furthermore, significant expansions in gene families related to DNA repair were observed, likely linked to the strain’s adaptation to its environmental niche.ConclusionsOur findings provide insights into the genomic and biological characteristics of P. chrysogenum adaptation to extreme anaerobic subseafloor sedimentary environments, such as high temperature and pressure.
Highlights
Penicillium chrysogenum is a filamentous fungal species with diverse habitats, yet little is known about its genetics in adapting to extreme subseafloor sedimental environments
We present a novel strain 28R-6-F01 of P. chrysogenum, which was isolated from anaerobic coal-bearing sediments 2306 m beneath the seafloor at high temperatures (45 °C) and high pressures (35 Mpa) during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 337
Identification of strain 28R‐6‐F01 Strain 28R-6-F01 exhibited green and dense furry surface with white edge and produced yellow pigmented colonies when cultured on PDA plates at 30 °C for 5 days (Fig. 1A)
Summary
Penicillium chrysogenum is a filamentous fungal species with diverse habitats, yet little is known about its genetics in adapting to extreme subseafloor sedimental environments. Deep subseafloor sediment provides a unique microbial habitat that supports a significant portion of the global microbial population and organic carbon reserves [1, 2] Microorganisms residing in this environment face numerous challenges, including high pressure, limited nutrient availability, low oxygen levels, and extreme temperature fluctuations [3–5]. The basidiomycete fungus Schizophyllum commune, isolated from coal-bearing sediments approximately 2.0 km beneath the seafloor, exhibits lower nucleotide diversity, substitution rate, and homologous recombination compared to terrestrial strains This fungus shows significant expansion of genes encoding. S. commune possesses special energy generation processes through ethanol fermentation and amino acid metabolism, as well as an increase in mitochondrial number [12, 13] It has complex nitrogen conversion mechanisms under anaerobic conditions and the ability to degrade difficult-todegrade macromolecules such as lignite, resulting in the production of methane and extracellular polysaccharides [14–16]. Understanding the biological and genetic mechanisms underlying fungal adaptation to subseafloor sedimentary environments can provide valuable insights into their survival in extreme conditions
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