Genomic insights into codon usage bias in Cannabis sativa and pathogenic interactions

Abstract

This study delves into codon usage bias (CUB) across Cannabis sativa and its associated pathogens (Meloidogyne incognita, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium oxysporum). It finds an AT-bias in C. sativa and M. incognita, favouring AT ending codons, while fungal pathogens lean towards GC-ending codons. Analysis suggests weak codon bias overall, with host and nematode showing similar preferences, and fungal pathogens preferring GC-ending codons. In ENC/GC3 plot, parity plot analyses both natural selection and mutational pressure influence CUB, slightly favouring T-ending codons.Neutrality plot analysis demonstrated varying degrees of mutational pressure and selection across the organisms. Correspondence analysis revealed indistinguishable CUB effective in all pathogens, despite differences in evolutionary forces. Correlation analysis illustrated the impact of nucleotide composition, mutational pressure, and natural selection on CUB. Additionally, amino acid composition analysis indicated differential usage of amino acids across organisms. Codon context analysis unveiled common trends in codon pairing, emphasizing the prevalence of preferred codons in C. sativa and M. incognita. This comprehensive analysis provides insights into the factors shaping CUB and the evolutionary forces influencing the genomes of the host plant and its associated pathogens, contributing to a deeper understanding of molecular interactions in host-pathogen systems. This data informs conservation for Cannabis sativa by identifying pathogen-resistant genetic traits, guiding breeding and management for biodiversity preservation.