Genomic Contributors to Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula: A 12 Year Retrospective Review

Abstract

To evaluate genetic testing utilization and diagnostic yield in infants with esophageal atresia (EA)/tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) over the past 12years to inform future practices and individualize prognostication and management. A retrospective cohort study was performed for all infants with EA or EA/TEF hospitalized between January 2011 and January 2023 at a quaternary children's hospital. For each infant, demographic information, prenatal and postnatal history, and genetic testing were reviewed. There were 212 infants who were classified as follows: 1) complex/syndromic with EA/TEF plus an additional major anatomic anomaly (n=114, of which 74 met VACTERL criteria); 2) isolated/nonsyndromic EA/TEF (n=88) and 3) isolated/nonsyndromic EA (n=10). A range of genetic tests were sent with varying diagnostic rates including karyotype analysis in 12 (all with complex/syndromic phenotypes and all positive), chromosomal microarray analysis in 189 (114 of whom were complex/syndromic with an overall diagnostic rate of 3/189), single gene testing for CHD7 in 18 (4 positive), and exome analysis in 37 complex/syndromic patients (8 positive). EA/TEF with and without additional anomalies is genetically heterogeneous with a broad range of associated phenotypes. While the genetic etiology of EA/TEF with or without VACTERL remains largely unknown, genome wide testing (exome or genome) including copy number analysis is recommended over chromosomal microarray testing. We anticipate that expanded genetic/genomic testing modalities such as RNA sequencing and tissue specific molecular testing are needed in this cohort to improve our understanding of the genomic contributors to EA/TEF.