Abstract
This report describes the near complete genomic sequence and subsequent analysis of Vinegar Hill virus (VINHV; tentative member of the genus Orthonairovirus, family Nairoviridae, order Bunyavirales). VINHV is the second nairovirus reported to be isolated on mainland Australia and the first to be sequenced and analysed. Our genetic analysis shows that VINHV belongs to the Dera Ghazi Khan genogroup, a group of viruses previously isolated in other parts of the world including Asia, South Africa, and the USA. We discuss possible routes of entry for nairoviruses into Australia and the need to understand the virome of Australian ticks in the context of new and emerging disease.
Highlights
The genus Orthonairovirus comprises 12 species to which more than 60 predominantly tick-borne viruses have been assigned, including several associated with severe human and livestock disease such as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and Nairobi sheep disease (NSD) viruses, respectively [1,2,3]
Isolate CSIRO1499, which we describe in this manuscript and propose the name Vinegar Hill virus (VINHV), was isolated on the Australian mainland in 1983 [9]
We report the near complete genome sequence of VINHV and subsequent predictive genetic and amino acid analyses, and demonstrate that this virus is a tentative member of the family Nairoviridae, genus Orthonairovirus
Summary
The genus Orthonairovirus (family Nairoviridae, order Bunyavirales) comprises 12 species to which more than 60 predominantly tick-borne viruses have been assigned, including several associated with severe human and livestock disease such as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and Nairobi sheep disease (NSD) viruses, respectively [1,2,3]. Historical information suggests that serological testing found VINHV to be unrelated to any other arboviruses in Australia [9]. It is not evident from the literature if this testing included isolate. We report the near complete genome sequence of VINHV and subsequent predictive genetic and amino acid analyses, and demonstrate that this virus is a tentative member of the family Nairoviridae, genus Orthonairovirus. This is the first report describing the sequence of a nairovirus from the Australian mainland
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