Abstract
In recent years, the effectiveness of antimicrobials in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections has gradually decreased. This pathogen can be observed in several clinical cases, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, in immunocompromised hosts, such as neutropenic cancer, burns, and AIDS patients. Furthermore, Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes diseases in both livestock and pets. The highly flexible and versatile genome of P. aeruginosa allows it to have a high rate of pathogenicity. The numerous secreted virulence factors, resulting from its numerous secretion systems, the multi-resistance to different classes of antibiotics, and the ability to produce biofilms are pathogenicity factors that cause numerous problems in the fight against P. aeruginosa infections and that must be better understood for an effective treatment. Infections by P. aeruginosa represent, therefore, a major health problem and, as resistance genes can be disseminated between the microbiotas associated with humans, animals, and the environment, this issue needs be addressed on the basis of an One Health approach. This review intends to bring together and describe in detail the molecular and metabolic pathways in P. aeruginosa’s pathogenesis, to contribute for the development of a more targeted therapy against this pathogen.
Highlights
One of the current greatest global public health problems is the pathogenesis associated with the emergence of generalized infectious bacteria [1]
The infection potential of P. aeruginosa comes in part from the presence of virulence factors and the ability to metabolize many antibiotics, promoting infectivity potential [19,20,21]
PAO1 encode outer membrane proteins related to adhesion, movement, estimated that 150 of the genes identified in P. aeruginosa PAO1 encode outer membrane antibiotics, andtovirulence factor output
Summary
One of the current greatest global public health problems is the pathogenesis associated with the emergence of generalized infectious bacteria [1]. Given its role as an important human pathogen, several virulence factors have been studied, as well as their regulatory systems [2]. P. aeruginosa is one of the bacterial species that have developed an alarming number of multidrug-resistant strains These strains are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and they are responsible for 10% of nosocomial infections [7]. This review aims to provide an overview of the metabolic pathways underlying the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa and to describe minutely mechanisms such as its different virulence factors and their multiple regulatory systems, as well as the biofilm formation and resistance to different antibiotics. The purpose of this review is to provide a better understanding of these mechanisms and to support further research into alternatives to combat this pathogen
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