Abstract
BackgroundThe host-unrestricted, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and the serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) are major causative agents of food-borne gastroenteritis, and the host-restricted Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is responsible for fowl typhoid. Increasing drug resistance in Salmonella contributes to the reduction of effective therapeutic and/or preventive options. Bacteriophages appear to be promising antibacterial tools, able to combat infectious diseases caused by a wide range of Salmonella strains belonging to both host-unrestricted and host-restricted Salmonella serovars.MethodsIn this study, five novel lytic Salmonella phages, named UPWr_S1-5, were isolated and characterized, including host range determination by plaque formation, morphology visualization with transmission electron microscopy, and establishment of physiological parameters. Moreover, phage genomes were sequenced, annotated and analyzed, and their genomes were compared with reference Salmonella phages by use of average nucleotide identity, phylogeny, dot plot, single nucleotide variation and protein function analysis.ResultsIt was found that UPWr_S1-5 phages belong to the genus Jerseyvirus within the Siphoviridae family. All UPWr_S phages were found to efficiently infect various Salmonella serovars. Host range determination revealed differences in host infection profiles and exhibited ability to infect Salmonella enterica serovars such as Enteritidis, Gallinarum, Senftenberg, Stanley and Chester. The lytic life cycle of UPWr_S phages was confirmed using the mitomycin C test assay. Genomic analysis revealed that genomes of UPWr_S phages are composed of 51 core and 19 accessory genes, with 33 of all predicted genes having assigned functions. UPWr_S genome organization comparison revealed 3 kinds of genomes and mosaic structure. UPWr_S phages showed very high sequence similarity to each other, with more than 95% average nucleotide identity.ConclusionsFive novel UPWr_S1-5 bacteriophages were isolated and characterized. They exhibit host lysis range within 5 different serovars and are efficient in lysis of both host-unrestricted and host-restricted Salmonella serovars. Therefore, because of their ability to infect various Salmonella serovars and lytic life cycle, UPWr_S1-5 phages can be considered as useful tools in biological control of salmonellosis.
Highlights
The host-unrestricted, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis
The severity of salmonellosis in Kuźmińska‐Bajor et al Virol J (2021) 18:183 humans varies from mild symptoms to life-threatening conditions, depending on various factors including the properties of the infecting serovars and their host specificity [1,2,3]
The host-restricted Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum infecting only avian species causes fowl typhoid characterized by high morbidity and mortality, which often leads to a severe septicemic disease, and is responsible for considerable economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide [6, 7]
Summary
The host-unrestricted, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and the sero‐ var Typhimurium Typhimurium) are major causative agents of food-borne gastroenteritis, and the host-restricted Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum The host-restricted Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum infecting only avian species causes fowl typhoid characterized by high morbidity and mortality, which often leads to a severe septicemic disease, and is responsible for considerable economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide [6, 7]. Bacteriophages are host-specific and often infect only one S. enterica serovar [14, 15], which in many instances may be a limiting factor in pathogen elimination, as new phages have to be identified for each serovar or even strain causing an epidemic or outbreak [16]. It was shown that Salmonella phages were able to lyse Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca strains [19] as well as strains belonging to the species Enterobacter cloacae and Cronobacter sakazakii [20]
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