Abstract
BackgroundEthylene signal transduction in plants is conducted by the two-component system (TCS) which consists of histidine kinase (HK), histidine phosphotransferase (HPT) and response regulators (RRs). This system plays an important role in signal transduction during various cellular processes, including fruit ripening and response to multiple environmental cues. Though members of TCS have been identified in a few plants, no detailed analysis has been carried out in banana.ResultsThrough genome-wide analysis, we identified a total of 80 (25 HK, 10 HPT and 45 RR) and 72 (25 HK, 5 HPT and 42 RR) TCS genes in Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana respectively. The analysis of identified genes revealed that most of the genes are highly conserved however; there are subtle divergences among various members. Comparative expression analysis revealed an involvement of a set of TCS members during banana fruit ripening. Co-expression network analysis identified a working TCS module with direct interactions of HK-HPT and RR members. The molecular dynamics analysis of TCS module showed a significant change in structural trajectories of TCS proteins in the presence of ethylene. Analysis suggests possible interactions between the HK-HPTs and RRs as well as other members leading to banana fruit ripening.ConclusionsIn this study, we identified and compared the members of TCS gene family in two banana species and showed their diversity, within groups on the basis of whole-genome duplication events. Our analysis showed that during banana fruit ripening TCS module plays a crucial role. We also demonstrated a possible interaction mechanism of TCS proteins in the presence and absence of ethylene by molecular dynamics simulations. These findings will help in understanding the functional mechanism of TCS proteins in plants in different conditions.
Highlights
Ethylene signal transduction in plants is conducted by the two-component system (TCS) which consists of histidine kinase (HK), histidine phosphotransferase (HPT) and response regulators (RRs)
A total of 80 and 72 TCS genes were identified in M. acuminata and M. balbisiana respectively through a profile Hidden Markov Model (HMM) developed using 238 TCS genes from 9 plant species and HMMERv3 [13]
All the identified members of the TCS gene families were named according to the proposed nomenclature scheme for the two-component system [14]
Summary
Ethylene signal transduction in plants is conducted by the two-component system (TCS) which consists of histidine kinase (HK), histidine phosphotransferase (HPT) and response regulators (RRs). This system plays an important role in signal transduction during various cellular processes, including fruit ripening and response to multiple environmental cues. TCS consists of three members for the signal transduction comprising histidine kinase. Dhar et al BMC Genomics (2019) 20:674 phytochromes lack key residues in conserved HK domain and are called diverged HKs of two-component elements [3,4,5]. Ethylene receptors (ETR1, ETR2, ERS1, ERS2 and EIN4) contain an ethylene-binding domain whereas phytochromes (PHY A, B, C, D and E) share a chromophore-binding domain (PHY)
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