Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Potassium Transport-Related Genes in Vigna radiata under Abiotic Stresses.

Farrukh Azeem,Muhammad Amjad Ali,Muhammad Zubair,Hamid Manzoor,Dong-Seon Kim,Gyuhwa Chung,Sangmi Sun,Muhammad Abid,Kirill S Golokhvast,Muhammad Amjad Nawaz,Usman Ijaz,Sabir Hussain,Roshan Zameer

doi:10.3390/plants11010002

Abstract

Potassium (K+) is one of the most important cations that plays a significant role in plants and constitutes up to 10% of plants’ dry weight. Plants exhibit complex systems of transporters and channels for the distribution of K+ from soil to numerous parts of plants. In this study, we have identified 39 genes encoding putative K+ transport-related genes in Vigna radiata. Chromosomal mapping of these genes indicated an uneven distribution across eight out of 11 chromosomes. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of different plant species, i.e., V. radiata, Glycine max, Cicer arietinum, Oryza sativa, and Arabidopsis thaliana, showed their strong conservation in different plant species. Evolutionary analysis of these genes suggests that gene duplication is a major route of expansion for this family in V. radiata. Comprehensive promoter analysis identified several abiotic stresses related to cis-elements in the promoter regions of these genes, suggesting their role in abiotic stress tolerance. Our additional analyses indicated that abiotic stresses adversely affected the chlorophyll concentration, carotenoids, catalase, total soluble protein concentration, and the activities of superoxide and peroxidase in V. radiata. It also disturbs the ionic balance by decreasing the uptake of K+ content and increasing the uptake of Na+. Expression analysis from high-throughput sequencing data and quantitative real-time PCR experiments revealed that several K+ transport genes were expressed in different tissues (seed, flower, and pod) and in abiotic stress-responsive manners. A highly significant variation of expression was observed for VrHKT (1.1 and 1.2), VrKAT (1 and 2) VrAKT1.1, VrAKT2, VrSKOR, VrKEA5, VrTPK3, and VrKUP/HAK/KT (4, 5, and 8.1) in response to drought, heat or salinity stress. It reflected their potential roles in plant growth, development, or stress adaptations. The present study gives an in-depth understanding of K+ transport system genes in V. radiata and will serve as a basis for a functional analysis of these genes.

Highlights

The potassium ion (K+ ) is an important inorganic macro-nutrient for plant growth and the fourth abundant mineral in the lithosphere
We posit this because we found multiple sequence features in common in V. radiata and other species, e.g., VrKUP/HAK/KT, and those of Arabidopsis shared the same number of transmembrane segments (TMS)
On the basis of structural and sequence identity with known K+ transporters, 39 genes were found in V. radiata, which were divided into 27 K+ transporters and 12 channels

Summary

Introduction

The potassium ion (K+ ) is an important inorganic macro-nutrient for plant growth and the fourth abundant mineral in the lithosphere. Plants utilize K+ for several important processes like osmoregulation, cell elongation, the control of membrane polarization, and the electrical neutralization of anionic groups. This ion helps in maintaining the pH of the cytosol, which is crucial for the proper functioning of most enzymes. Within the cell, it is present in the nucleus, vacuoles, and chloroplast [2,3]. Despite its abundance and importance in the cell, the optimal concentration of

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Conclusion