Abstract
Adenylate kinase (ADK) is widely distributed in organisms and plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis. In plants, ADK has important functions in plant growth and development regulation as well as in adaptation to the environment. However, little information is available about the ADK genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), an important economic crop. To investigate the characteristics and functions of ADK genes in tomato, a total of 11 ADK genes were identified and named according to their chromosomal locations. The ADK family in Arabidopsis, tomato, potato, and rice was divided into six groups, and motif analysis revealed that each SlADK protein contained five to eight conserved motifs. A total of 4 to 19 exons were identified in tomato ADK gene family members, and interestingly, most members possessed 4 exons. Several stress response elements were identified in the promoter regions of SlADKs. The 11 SlADKs were randomly distributed on 9 of the 12 tomato chromosomes. Three duplication events were observed between tomato chromosomes, and a high degree of conservation of synteny was demonstrated between tomato and potato. The online TomExpress platform prediction revealed that SlADKs were expressed in various tissues and organs, basically consistent with the data obtained from real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The qPCR verification was also performed to determine the expression level of SlADKs and demonstrated that the genes responded to multiple abiotic stresses, such as drought, salt, and cold. Besides, the qPCR results showed that SlADK transcription was responsive to most of the applied hormone treatment. For correlation network analysis under 44 global conditions, the results showed that the number of 17, 3, 4, and 6 coexpressed genes matched with SlADK5, 8, 9, and 11, respectively. For specific gene function analysis, expression of SlADK10 was inhibited using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Compared to wild-type plants, plants with silenced SlADK10 gene had poor drought resistance, indicating SlADK10 regulated drought tolerance of tomato positively. In summary, the information provided in the present study will be helpful to understand the evolutionary relationship and their roles of tomato ADK gene family in further research.
Highlights
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is one of the four main mononucleotides that make up ribonucleic acid in cells, known as adenylate
After confirming the existence of the Adenylate kinase (ADK) core sequences according to the description in the tomato genome database and the Pfam and SMART programs, a total of 11 ADK genes were identified
Gene information of each ADK gene and physicochemical properties of matched proteins were predicted with the tomato gene database and the ExPASy online tool, respectively
Summary
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is one of the four main mononucleotides that make up ribonucleic acid in cells, known as adenylate. Formation of AMP is often accompanied by the release of energy in organisms [1]. Adenylate metabolism is an essential part of primary metabolism because the change of adenylate content is the main factor affecting cell metabolism [2]. AMP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are three important adenylate forms in organisms. ADP, and ATP determines the energy charge ratio and carbohydrate metabolism, which directly affect plant growth and development and the ability to resist stress [3,4]
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