Abstract
Members of the Mi14-3-3 gene family interact with target proteins that are widely involved in plant hormone signal transduction and physiology-related metabolism and play important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. In this study, 14-3-3s family members are identified by the bioinformatic analysis of the mango (Mangifera indica L.) genome. The gene structures, chromosomal distributions, genetic evolution, and expression patterns of these genes and the physical and chemical properties and conserved motifs of their proteins are analysed systematically. The results identified 16 members of the 14-3-3 genes family in the mango genome. The members were not evenly distributed across the chromosomes, and the gene structure analysis showed that the gene sequence length and intron number varied greatly among the different members. Protein sequence analysis showed that the Mi14-3-3 proteins had similar physical and chemical properties and secondary and tertiary structures, and protein subcellular localization showed that the Mi14-3-3 family proteins were localized to the nucleus. The sequence analysis of the Mi14-3-3s showed that all Mi14-3-3 proteins contain a typical conserved PFAM00244 domain, and promoter sequence analysis showed that the Mi14-3-3 promoters contain multiple hormone-, stress-, and light-responsive cis-regulatory elements. Expression analysis showed that the 14-3-3 genes were expressed in all tissues of mango, but that their expression patterns were different. Drought, salt and low temperature stresses affected the expression levels of 14-3-3 genes, and different 14-3-3 genes had different responses to these stresses. This study provides a reference for further studies on the function and regulation of Mi14-3-3 family members.
Highlights
The 14-3-3s family is composed of proteins encoded by multiple genes that are found in a wide variety of eukaryotes. 14-3-3 proteins promote or inhibit the activities of various enzymes, serve as bridges for protein–protein interactions, and regulate cell protein levels and locations. 14-3-3 proteins, which are important regulatory proteins, play crucial roles in the signalling of several hormones involved in normal plant-development-related metabolism and stress responses [1]
Using the protein sequence of an Arabidopsis 14-3-3 protein family member as bait, we evaluated the conserved domain of the target sequences by bioinformatic analysis and removed the redundant protein sequences with HMMER and SMART online software
The three-dimensional structures of Mi14-3-3 family proteins were very similar to those of Arabidopsis 14-3-3 family proteins, and the Mi14-3-3 gene family members could be classified into ε and non-ε classes according to their phylogenetic relationships
Summary
The 14-3-3s family is composed of proteins encoded by multiple genes (including multiple isomers encoded by homologous genes) that are found in a wide variety of eukaryotes. 14-3-3 proteins promote or inhibit the activities of various enzymes, serve as bridges for protein–protein interactions, and regulate cell protein levels and locations. 14-3-3 proteins, which are important regulatory proteins, play crucial roles in the signalling of several hormones involved in normal plant-development-related metabolism and stress responses [1]. The overexpression of PvGF14b, PvGF14c and PvGF14e from Phyllostachys violascens significantly delays the flowering time of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. These results show that at least three PvGF14 genes are involved in the flowering network of bamboo; in addition, through its interaction with FLOWERING LOCUS T (PvFT), PvGF14c has been found to act as a negative regulator of flowering in Phyllostachys violascens [3]. In the cytoplasm of rice, Hd3a interacts with 14-3-3s, and the Hd3a-14-3-3 complex interacts with a rice FLOWERING LOCUS D (FD) homologue, OsFD1, to form a heterohexameric protein complex called the florigen-activating complex (FAC). Hd3a does not interact directly with OsFD1 in vitro, so 14-3-3 proteins mediate the interaction between Hd3a and OsFD1 [4,5,6]
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