Abstract
BackgroundThe 100-pod fresh weight (PFW), 100-seed fresh weight (SFW), 100-seed dry weight (SDW) and moisture content of fresh seeds (MCFS) at the R6 stage are crucial factors for vegetable soybean yield. However, the genetic basis of yield at the R6 stage remains largely ambiguous in soybean.ResultsTo better understand the molecular mechanism underlying yield, we investigated four yield-related traits of 133 soybean landraces in two consecutive years and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 82,187 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The GWAS results revealed a total of 14, 15, 63 and 48 SNPs for PFW, SFW, SDW and MCFS, respectively. Among these markers, 35 SNPs were repeatedly identified in all evaluated environments (2015, 2016, and the average across the two years), and most co-localized with yield-related QTLs identified in previous studies. AX-90496773 and AX-90460290 were large-effect markers for PFW and MCFS, respectively. The two markers were stably identified in all environments and tagged to linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks. Six potential candidate genes were predicted in LD blocks; five of them showed significantly different expression levels between the extreme materials with large PFW or MCFS variation at the seed development stage. Therefore, the five genes Glyma.16g018200, Glyma.16g018300, Glyma.05g243400, Glyma.05g244100 and Glyma.05g245300 were regarded as candidate genes associated with PFW and MCFS.ConclusionThese results provide useful information for the development of functional markers and exploration of candidate genes in vegetable soybean high-yield breeding programs.
Highlights
The 100-pod fresh weight (PFW), 100-seed fresh weight (SFW), 100-seed dry weight (SDW) and moisture content of fresh seeds (MCFS) at the R6 stage are crucial factors for vegetable soybean yield
Significant positive correlations were observed between PFW, SFW and SDW, with phenotypic correlation coefficients above 0.914
MCFS showed a significant positive correlation with PFW and SFW but showed a nonsignificant negative correlation with SDW, suggesting that MCFS is an important factor influencing the yield of fresh pods
Summary
The 100-pod fresh weight (PFW), 100-seed fresh weight (SFW), 100-seed dry weight (SDW) and moisture content of fresh seeds (MCFS) at the R6 stage are crucial factors for vegetable soybean yield. Soybean seeds are used to supply edible oil and serve as a source of high-quality plant protein [1]. The characteristics of large pods and large grains are important visual qualities of vegetable soybeans [3, 4]. Yield has long been considered one of the most important traits in vegetable soybean breeding. Vegetable soybean seeds have a high moisture content of approximately 70.05%, which serves both as a yield component and as an influencing factor of sensory quality [5]. Grain moisture has a higher h2 than does grain yield, and several quantitative
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