Abstract
To gain insight into the regulatory networks that underlie the induced defense in cucumber against spider mites, genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) were identified in the cucumber (Cucumis sativus) genome and their regulation by two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) herbivory was analyzed using RNA-seq. Of the total 1212 annotated TF genes in the cucumber genome, 119 were differentially regulated upon spider-mite herbivory during a period of 3 days. These TF genes belong to different categories but the MYB, bHLH, AP2/ERF and WRKY families had the highest relative numbers of differentially expressed genes. Correlation analysis of the expression of TF genes with defense-associated genes during herbivory and pathogen infestation, and in different organs resulted in the putative identification of regulators of herbivore-induced terpenoid and green-leaf-volatile biosynthesis. Analysis of the cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) present in the promoter regions of the genes responsive to spider-mite feeding revealed potential TF regulators. This study describes the TF genes in cucumber that are potentially involved in the regulation of induced defense against herbivory by spider mites.
Highlights
Transcription factors (TFs) are DNA-binding proteins that recognize and bind to specific regulatory sequences, the cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs, called CREs for cis-regulatory elements), in the promoter of the target genes [1,2,3]
Half of all transcription factors (TFs) genes belong to only four different TF gene families, i.e., MYB (189), bHLH
Asherbivory-induced we have particularvolatile interest and pathways that are involved in biosynthesis of compounds within the in genes that involved in biosynthesis compounds the herbivory-induced blend thatand is ofpathways importance forare attraction of natural enemies of spider mites,within we focused on the expression volatileofblend that is of importance for attraction of natural enemies of in spider we focused on profiles a gene encoding a lipoxygenase (LOX) which may be involved greenmites, leaf volatile the expression profiles[48]
Summary
Transcription factors (TFs) are DNA-binding proteins that recognize and bind to specific regulatory sequences, the cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs, called CREs for cis-regulatory elements), in the promoter of the target genes [1,2,3]. CAREs are typically located adjacent to the promoter region of a gene, but can be found in the gene itself, in introns or even further away from the gene, upstream or downstream from the promoter [2] By binding to these elements, TFs can stabilize or block the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA [4], catalyze the acetylation or deacetylation of histone proteins [5] or recruit co-activator or co-repressor proteins to form TF DNA complexes [6]. All these processes can result in a change in the expression of the target gene of the corresponding TF. About 8–9% of the 27,411 protein-encoding genes in the Arabidopsis genome (TAIR10) were identified as putative
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