Abstract
BackgroundDNA binding with one finger (Dof) transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and abiotic stress responses. Although genome-wide identification and analysis of the DOF transcription factor family has been reported in other species, no relevant studies have emerged in wheat. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolutionary and functional characteristics associated with plant growth and abiotic stress responses by genome-wide analysis of the wheat Dof transcription factor gene family.ResultsUsing the recently released wheat genome database (IWGSC RefSeq v1.0), we identified 96 wheat Dof gene family members, which were phylogenetically clustered into five distinct subfamilies. Gene duplication analysis revealed a broad and heterogeneous distribution of TaDofs on the chromosome groups 1 to 7, and obvious tandem duplication genes were present on chromosomes 2 and 3.Members of the same gene subfamily had similar exon-intron structures, while members of different subfamilies had obvious differences. Functional divergence analysis indicated that type-II functional divergence played a major role in the differentiation of the TaDof gene family. Positive selection analysis revealed that the Dof gene family experienced different degrees of positive selection pressure during the process of evolution, and five significant positive selection sites (30A, 31 T, 33A, 102G and 104S) were identified. Additionally, nine groups of coevolving amino acid sites, which may play a key role in maintaining the structural and functional stability of Dof proteins, were identified. The results from the RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that TaDof genes exhibited obvious expression preference or specificity in different organs and developmental stages, as well as in diverse abiotic stress responses. Most TaDof genes were significantly upregulated by heat, PEG and heavy metal stresses.ConclusionsThe genome-wide analysis and identification of wheat DOF transcription factor family and the discovery of important amino acid sites are expected to provide new insights into the structure, evolution and function of the plant Dof gene family.
Highlights
Introduction of the maizeZmDof1 gene into rice can increase nitrogen assimilation and enhance plant growth under low-nitrogen conditions [67]
Genome-wide identification of wheat DNA binding with one finger (Dof) genes Firstly, 36 and 30 Dof protein sequences from A. thaliana and rice were downloaded from the PlantTFDB v4.0 database (Table S1)
A total of 96 members of the Dof transcription factor gene family were identified from wheat
Summary
Introduction of the maizeZmDof gene into rice can increase nitrogen assimilation and enhance plant growth under low-nitrogen conditions [67]. Consistent with previous studies, in this study, the expression of the TaDof, TaDof and TaDof genes was upregulated under drought and nitrogen stresses (Fig. 8). DNA binding with one finger (Dof) transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and abiotic stress responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolutionary and functional characteristics associated with plant growth and abiotic stress responses by genome-wide analysis of the wheat Dof transcription factor gene family. Transcription factors (TFs) involve in activating or inhibiting the activity of RNA polymerase to regulate the spatiotemporal expression of the target genes by recognizing specific DNA sequence elements present in the promoter region of the gene [1]. AtDof3.2 from A. thaliana acts as a negative regulator of seed germination and interacts with a positive regulator of seed germination TCP14 [10]
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