Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), originated from the Andean region of South America, shows more significant salt tolerance than other crops. To reveal how the plant hormone ethylene is involved in the quinoa responses to salt stress, 4-week-old quinoa seedlings of ‘NL-6′ treated with water, sodium chloride (NaCl), and NaCl with ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were collected and analyzed by transcriptional sequencing and tandem mass tag-based (TMT) quantitative proteomics. A total of 9672 proteins and 60,602 genes was identified. Among them, the genes encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST), peroxidase (POD), phosphate transporter (PT), glucan endonuclease (GLU), beta-galactosidase (BGAL), cellulose synthase (CES), trichome birefringence-like protein (TBL), glycine-rich cell wall structural protein (GRP), glucosyltransferase (GT), GDSL esterase/lipase (GELP), cytochrome P450 (CYP), and jasmonate-induced protein (JIP) were significantly differentially expressed. Further analysis suggested that the genes may mediate through osmotic adjustment, cell wall organization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and plant hormone signaling to take a part in the regulation of quinoa responses to ethylene and salt stress. Our results provide a strong foundation for exploration of the molecular mechanisms of quinoa responses to ethylene and salt stress.
Highlights
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a dicotyledonous plant in the Chenopodiaceae family, originated from the Andean region of South America and has been cultivated for about 7000 years [1]
Quinoa has five major ecotypes depending on its origin centers, including Highlands originating from Peru and Bolivia; Inter-Andean valleys originating from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; Salares originating from Bolivia, Chile and Argentina; Yungas originating from Bolivia; and Lowlands originating from Chile [3]
To investigate ethylene-regulated salt responses in quinoa, the 4-week-old H2Or, SALTr, and ACCr samples were used for transcriptomic analysis
Summary
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a dicotyledonous plant in the Chenopodiaceae family, originated from the Andean region of South America and has been cultivated for about 7000 years [1]. Quinoa is an allotetraploid plant (2n = 4X = 36), deriving from the genome fusion of two related parent species in the same genus [2]. Consumption of seeds is the most common use of quinoa. Quinoa seeds have been reported to have an exceptional balance between oil, protein, and carbohydrate [4,5]. Quinoa seeds are good sources of vitamins, oil with high linoleate and linolenate content, natural antioxidants, dietary fiber, and minerals [6]. Consumption of quinoa in human diet leads to lower weight gain, improved lipid profile, decreased blood glucose, and increased antioxidant intake [7,8]
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