Abstract
BackgroundUnder-dimensioned hearts causing functional problems are associated with higher mortality rates in intensive Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Previous studies have indicated that tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) induces cardiac growth and also stimulates transcription of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) αand βin the Atlantic salmon heart. Since cardiac and transcriptional responses to feed are of high interest in aquaculture, the objective of this study was to characterize the transcriptional mechanisms induced by TTA in the heart of Atlantic salmon.ResultsAtlantic salmon were kept at sea for 17 weeks. During the first 8 weeks the fish received a TTA supplemented diet. Using microarrays, profound transcriptional effects were observed in the heart at the end of the experiment, 9 weeks after the feeding of TTA stopped. Approximately 90% of the significant genes were expressed higher in the TTA group. Hypergeometric testing revealed the over-representation of 35 gene ontology terms in the TTA fed group. The GO terms were generally categorized into cardiac performance, lipid catabolism, glycolysis and TCA cycle.ConclusionsOur results indicate that TTA has profound effects on cardiac performance based on results from microarray and qRT-PCR analysis. The gene expression profile favors a scenario of ”physiological”lright hypertrophy recognized by increased oxidative fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis and TCA cycle activity as well as cardiac growth and contractility in the heart ventricle. Increased cardiac efficiency may offer significant benefits in the demanding Aquaculture situations.
Highlights
Under-dimensioned hearts causing functional problems are associated with higher mortality rates in intensive Atlantic salmon aquaculture
Production data Atlantic salmon that were fed with 0.25% tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) had significantly lower fat content in the muscle at the 8.weeks sampling point, and showed a tendency for increased mean relative heart weight (Table 1)
120.2 μgTTA/gTissue was detected at the 8.weeks sampling point in the TTA group, while 1.2 μgTTA/gTissue was detected in the control group
Summary
Under-dimensioned hearts causing functional problems are associated with higher mortality rates in intensive Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Previous studies have indicated that tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) induces cardiac growth and stimulates transcription of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) α and β in the Atlantic salmon heart. Since cardiac and transcriptional responses to feed are of high interest in aquaculture, the objective of this study was to characterize the transcriptional mechanisms induced by TTA in the heart of Atlantic salmon. High levels of dietary lipids are used in commercial Atlantic salmon diets to promote rapid growth and as a inexpensive source of energy. These high lipid levels may promote excess lipid deposition in the viscera and the muscle, thereby reducing the market quality of the fish. Most of the biological effects of TTA are mediated through activation of PPARs
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