Abstract
Burkholderia sensu lato (s.l.) species have a versatile metabolism. The aims of this review are the genomic reconstruction of the metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Burkholderia s.l. genera, and the characterization of the PHA synthases and the pha genes organization. The reports of the PHA synthesis from different substrates by Burkholderia s.l. strains were reviewed. Genome-guided metabolic reconstruction involving the conversion of sugars and fatty acids into PHAs by 37 Burkholderia s.l. species was performed. Sugars are metabolized via the Entner–Doudoroff (ED), pentose-phosphate (PP), and lower Embden–Meyerhoff–Parnas (EMP) pathways, which produce reducing power through NAD(P)H synthesis and PHA precursors. Fatty acid substrates are metabolized via β-oxidation and de novo synthesis of fatty acids into PHAs. The analysis of 194 Burkholderia s.l. genomes revealed that all strains have the phaC, phaA, and phaB genes for PHA synthesis, wherein the phaC gene is generally present in ≥2 copies. PHA synthases were classified into four phylogenetic groups belonging to class I II and III PHA synthases and one outlier group. The reconstruction of PHAs synthesis revealed a high level of gene redundancy probably reflecting complex regulatory layers that provide fine tuning according to diverse substrates and physiological conditions.
Highlights
Global plastic production reached 359 million tons in 2018, wherein 67.5% of the plastics are non-recycled, entering and polluting ecosystems [1,2]
Data was gathered through the search in Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA) using keywords such as “polyhydroxyalkanoate” “polyhydroxybutyrate”, “poly(3hydroxybutyrate)” along with “Burkholderia”, “Paraburkholderia”, “Caballeronia”, “Trinickia”, “Mycetohabitans”, “Robbsia” with the addition of other synonyms from the period 1978–2019
The highest PHA yields were observed by B. thailandensis E264T from fatty acids of used cooking oil (0.35) and by P. sacchari LMG 19450T from sucrose (0.29), glucose
Summary
Global plastic production reached 359 million tons in 2018, wherein 67.5% of the plastics are non-recycled, entering and polluting ecosystems [1,2]. This group is referred as the species previously classified within the Burkholderia genus, and currently recognized as seven distinctive genera. Paraburkholderia, Burkholderia and Trinickia strains use a wide range of substrates, including carbohydrates and fatty acids, to generally synthesize PHAscl and PHAscl-mcl copolymers [44,45]. The aims of this review are an extensive genomic-wide reconstruction of the metabolic pathways involved in the conversion of sugars and fatty acids into the synthesis of PHAs by Burkholderia s.l. representative and type strains, along with a genomic-based characterization of their PHA synthases and the organization of the pha genes
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