Abstract
BackgroundCalcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) is one of the main Ca2+ combined protein kinase that play significant roles in plant growth, development and response to multiple stresses. Despite an important member of the stress responsive gene family, little is known about the evolutionary history and expression patterns of CPK genes in pineapple.ResultsHerein, we identified and characterized 17 AcoCPK genes from pineapple genome, which were unevenly distributed across eight chromosomes. Based on the gene structure and phylogenetic tree analyses, AcoCPKs were divided into four groups with conserved domain. Synteny analysis identified 7 segmental duplication events of AcoCPKs and 5 syntenic blocks of CPK genes between pineapple and Arabidopsis, and 8 between pineapple and rice. Expression pattern of different tissues and development stages suggested that several genes are involved in the functional development of plants. Different expression levels under various abiotic stresses also indicated that the CPK family underwent functional divergence during long-term evolution. AcoCPK1, AcoCPK3 and AcoCPK6, which were repressed by the abiotic stresses, were shown to be function in regulating pathogen resistance.Conclusions17 AcoCPK genes from pineapple genome were identified. Our analyses provide an important foundation for understanding the potential roles of AcoCPKs in regulating pineapple response to biotic and abiotic stresses
Highlights
Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) is one of the main Ca2+ combined protein kinase that play significant roles in plant growth, development and response to multiple stresses
Phylogenetic analysis, gene structure of CPK genes and their chromosomal location To examine the phylogenetic relationship among the CPKs in pineapple, the CPKs of four species, including pineapple, Arabidopsis, grape and rice, were constructed using MEGA5.0
Subcellular locations of three CPK genes (AcoCPK1, AcoCPK3 and AcoCPK6) were identified, and we found their protein are mainly expressed at plasma membrane and small partial localized at nucleus (Fig.7), indicating that they are primarily soluble enzymes with the potential to target to the nucleus
Summary
Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) is one of the main Ca2+ combined protein kinase that play significant roles in plant growth, development and response to multiple stresses. In order to survive continual biotic and abiotic stresses occurred in the environment, plants have evolved an effective defense mechanism, including a variety of signal (CaMLs), calmodulins (CaMs), and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs), can sense and decoded the calcium fluxes concentration changes [4, 5]. CPKs comprise four functional domains, including a serine/threonine kinase domain (STKD), an N-terminal variable domain (ND), an auto-inhibitory junction domain (AID) and a Cterminal regulatory calmodulin-like domain (CaM-LD) [6, 8]. The calmodulin-like domain contains one to four EF-hand structures for Ca2+ binding [8] Because of these unique features, the CPKs is sensitive to Ca2+ and play an important role in regulating the downstream components of calcium signaling pathway
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