Genome-Wide Identification, Structure and Expression Studies, and Mutant Collection of 22 Early Nodulin-Like Protein Genes in Arabidopsis

Abstract

Early nodulin-like proteins (ENODLs) are chimeric arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) related to the phytocyanin family. Although they show similarities with other phytocyanins, they lack amino acid residues for copper binding. Despite the existence of other phytocyanins, information about the function of ENODLs in plants is largely lacking. In this study, we characterized ENODL genes consisting of 22 members in Arabidopsis thaliana. Structure prediction indicated that most ENODLs are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored chimeric AGPs. Expression analysis by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that most ENODL genes showed spatially specific expression, mainly in the flower organs. Furthermore, we obtained and analyzed 26 homozygous T-DNA insertion lines of 15 ENODL genes, but novel biological roles were not uncovered, probably due to functional redundancy. The detailed phylogenetic and expression analyses and characterization of the available insertion lines in this study might facilitate future studies to elucidate the biological roles of ENODLs.