Abstract
The plant-specific TCP family proteins play an important role in the processes of plant growth and development. Broussonetia papyrifera is a versatile perennial deciduous tree, and its genome data have been published. However, no comprehensive analysis of the TCP gene family in B. papyrifera has been undertaken. In this study, 20 BpTCP genes (BpTCPs) were identified in the B. papyrifera genome. Phylogenetic analysis divided BpTCPs into three subclades, the PCF subclade, the CIN subclade and the CYC/TB1 subclade. Gene structure analysis displayed that all BpTCPs except BpTCP19 contained one coding region. Conserved motif analysis showed that BpTCP proteins in the same subclade possessed similar motif structures. Segmental duplication was the primary driving force for the expansion of BpTCPs. Expression patterns showed that BpTCPs may play diverse biological functions in organ or tissue development. Transcriptional activation activity analysis of BpTCP8, BpTCP14 and BpTCP19 showed that they possessed transcriptional activation ability. The ectopic expression analysis in Arabidopsis wild-type and AtBRC1 ortholog mutant showed that BpTCP8, BpTCP14 and BpTCP19 could prevent rosette branch outgrowth. Collectively, our study not only established the first genome-wide analysis of the B. papyrifera TCP gene family, but also provided valuable information for understanding the function of BpTCPs in shoot branching.
Highlights
The TCP family is a plant-specific transcription factor family, which was first found in 1999 [1].The name of TCP transcription factor family was derived from the four proteins originally discovered, TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (TB1) from Zea mays, CYCLOIDEA (CYC) from Antirrhinum majus and the PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS 1 and 2 (PCF 1 and PCF2) from Oryza sativa [2,3,4]
To identify the TCP genes in B. papyrifera, local BLASTp and hidden Markov model (HMM) searches were performed against the B. papyrifera genome database using 24 known Arabidopsis TCP protein sequences
The map showed that all BpTCP genes were unevenly mapped onto 10 out of 13 B. papyrifera chromosomes and the BpTCP genes were annotated as BpTCP1 to BpTCP20 in the light of their physical locations on the chromosomes (Figure S1)
Summary
The TCP family is a plant-specific transcription factor family, which was first found in 1999 [1].The name of TCP transcription factor family was derived from the four proteins originally discovered, TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (TB1) from Zea mays, CYCLOIDEA (CYC) from Antirrhinum majus and the PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS 1 and 2 (PCF 1 and PCF2) from Oryza sativa [2,3,4]. The TCP family is a plant-specific transcription factor family, which was first found in 1999 [1]. The protein sequences of TCP transcription factors contain a conserved non-canonical basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH). Motif of about 59 amino acids, which was called the TCP domain. According to the differences of TCP domains, the TCP family members can be divided into two subfamilies: class I (composed of the PCF subclade) and class II (composed of the CIN and CYC/TB1 subclades) [5,6]. The most noteworthy difference between these two subfamilies is that the basic region of TCP domain of class II family has four amino acids more than that of class I family. Several members of class II have another conserved region outside the TCP domain named the R domain, which is an arginine-rich motif containing eighteen to twenty residues [6]. The R domain is hypothesized to form a coiled coil that may be involved in protein–protein interactions [7]
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