Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, which play crucial roles in plant development processes, are universal modules of signal transduction in eukaryotes and consist of a core module of three sequentially phosphorylated kinases: MAPK, MAPK kinase (MAPKK), and MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK). This is the first report on the identification and analysis of MAPK cascades in Eucommia ulmoides. We conducted a genome-wide screening and identified 13 EuMAPKs, five EuMAPKKs, and 57 EuMAPKKKs. The construction of phylogenetic trees revealed that EuMAPKs and EuMAPKKs were divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D), and EuMAPKKKs were divided into three subfamilies (MEKK, RAF, and ZIK). These subfamilies were further confirmed by conserved domain/motif analysis and gene structure analysis. Based on the expression profiles of all identified EuMAPK cascades in various organs at different developmental stages, three genes (EuRAF22-2, EuRAF34-1, and EuRAF33-2) with stable expression patterns at all stages of fruit or leaf development, three genes (EuRAF2-3, EuMPK11, and EuMEKK21) with differential expression patterns, and two highly expressed genes (EuZIK1 and EuMKK2) were screened and validated by qRT-PCR. Overall, our results could be used for further research on the precise role of MAPK cascades during organ development in E. ulmoides.
Highlights
Homologous gene name AtMAPK2 AtMAPK2 AtMAPK3 AtMAPK4 AtMAPK4 AtMAPK4 AtMAPK6 AtMAPK9 AtMAPK9 AtMAPK9 AtMAPK11 AtMAPK15 AtMAPK16
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK kinase (MAPKK) were divided into four groups (A–D)[6], whereas MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK) were classified into three subfamilies, namely MEKK, RAF, and ZIK, based on differences in the conserved domain or signature motif[11]
A BLASTP search was performed in the E. ulmoides protein database using A. thaliana MAPK cascade protein sequences as queries
Summary
Homologous gene name AtMAPK2 AtMAPK2 AtMAPK3 AtMAPK4 AtMAPK4 AtMAPK4 AtMAPK6 AtMAPK9 AtMAPK9 AtMAPK9 AtMAPK11 AtMAPK15 AtMAPK16. We identified 13 MAPKs, five MAPKKs, and 57 MAPKKKs in E. ulmoides that named based on the corresponding homology with A. thaliana MAPK cascades. The transcript profiles of all predicted EuMAPK cascades in various organs at different development stages were analyzed, and several genes with special expression patterns were screened and validated by qRT-PCR.
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