Abstract
BackgroundProlamins, unique to Gramineae (grasses), play a key role in the human diet. Thinopyrum elongatum (syn. Agropyron elongatum or Lophopyrum elongatum), a grass of the Triticeae family with a diploid E genome (2n = 2x = 14), is genetically well-characterized, but little is known about its prolamin genes and the relationships with homologous loci in the Triticeae species.ResultsIn this study, a total of 19 α-gliadin, 9 γ-gliadin, 19 ω-gliadin, 2 high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS), and 5 low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) genes were identified in the Th. elongatum genome. Micro-synteny and phylogenetic analysis revealed dynamic changes of prolamin gene regions and genetic affinities among Th. elongatum, Triticum aestivum, T. urartu and Aegilops tauschii. The Th. elongatum genome, like the B subgenome of T. aestivum, only contained celiac disease epitope DQ8-glia-α1/DQ8.5-glia-α1, which provided a theoretical basis for the low gluten toxicity wheat breeding. The transcriptome data of Th. elongatum exhibited differential expression in quantity and pattern in the same subfamily or different subfamilies. Dough rheological properties of T. aestivum-Th. elongatum disomic substitution (DS) line 1E(1D) showed higher peak height values than that of their parents, and DS6E(6D) exhibited fewer α-gliadins, which indicates the potential usage for wheat quality breeding.ConclusionsOverall, this study provided a comprehensive overview of the prolamin gene family in Th. elongatum, and suggested a promising use of this species in the generation of improved wheat breeds intended for the human diet.
Highlights
Prolamins, unique to Gramineae, play a key role in the human diet
Elongatum and error correction in the related species A total of 19 α-gliadin, 9 γ-gliadin, 19 ω-gliadin, 2 high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS), and 5 low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) genes were identified in the Th. elongatum genome while no δ-gliadin genes were detected (Additional file 1: Table S1)
All prolamin genes found in this study were manually checked and corrected according to their structure information (Additional file 1: Table S3 and Table S4) [8, 25,26,27,28]
Summary
Unique to Gramineae (grasses), play a key role in the human diet. Thinopyrum elongatum Agropyron elongatum or Lophopyrum elongatum), a grass of the Triticeae family with a diploid E genome (2n = 2x = 14), is genetically well-characterized, but little is known about its prolamin genes and the relationships with homologous loci in the Triticeae species. Prolamin genes belong to a large family. Comprehensive understanding of these genes is challenging, but essential for improving the end-use quality of wheat flour [7]. Genome data of these Triticeae species have been published, but the relationship among their prolamin genes has not been well described, including gene features and molecular characteristics [13,14,15,16]. High pseudogene rate was associated with gliadin families and this was estimated to be 87% of 230 distinct α-gliadin gene sequences in several diploid wheat species [1]. Current research is still insufficient, especially regarding species other than common wheat [17]
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