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Abstract
The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) plays many important roles in cell growth and in response to stresses in plants. The V-ATPase subunit H (VHA-H) is required to form a stable and active V-ATPase. Genome-wide analyses of VHA-H genes in crops contribute significantly to a systematic understanding of their functions. A total of 22 VHA-H genes were identified from 11 plants representing major crops including cotton, rice, millet, sorghum, rapeseed, maize, wheat, soybean, barley, potato, and beet. All of these VHA-H genes shared exon-intron structures similar to those of Arabidopsis thaliana. The C-terminal domain of VHA-H was shorter and more conserved than the N-terminal domain. The VHA-H gene was effectively used as a genetic marker to infer the phylogenetic relationships among plants, which were congruent with currently accepted taxonomic groupings. The VHA-H genes from six species of crops (Gossypium raimondii, Brassica napus, Glycine max, Solanum tuberosum, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays) showed high gene structural diversity. This resulted from the gains and losses of introns. Seven VHA-H genes in six species of crops (Gossypium raimondii, Hordeum vulgare, Solanum tuberosum, Setaria italica, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays) contained multiple transcript isoforms arising from alternative splicing. The study of cis-acting elements of gene promoters and RNA-seq gene expression patterns confirms the role of VHA-H genes as eco-enzymes. The gene structural diversity and proteomic diversity of VHA-H genes in our crop sampling facilitate understanding of their functional diversity, including stress responses and traits important for crop improvement.
Highlights
The large central vacuole is one of the most distinctive organelles that are essential for plant viability [1]
A total of 22 VHA-H genes containing typical V-ATPase-H N-terminal and V-ATPase-H C-terminal domains were obtained from 11 major crops following definitions of the Pfam database (Table 1)
A single VHA-H gene was identified in each one of the five species (Oryza sativa, Beta vulgaris, Hordeum vulgare, Setaria italica, and Sorghum bicolor), while 2, 6, 2, 2, 3, and 2 VHA-H genes were revealed in Gossypium raimondii, Brassica napus, Glycine max, Solanum tuberosum, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays, respectively
Summary
The large central vacuole is one of the most distinctive organelles that are essential for plant viability [1]. The V-ATPase hydrolyzes ATP to pump protons from the cytosol into various organelles, including vacuoles, endosomes, and the Golgi apparatus [7]. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase extrudes H+ from the cell and energizes the uptake and release of many types of nutrients across the plasma membranes of plant cells Since it is involved in eco-physiological adaption at the molecular level, the V-ATPase is considered an eco-enzyme in plants [8]. The H+ pump (i.e., the V-ATPase) plays important roles in unique physiological processes of plants, including nutrient transport, flowering, stress tolerance, and the particular functions of guard cells and the vascular and meristematic tissues [11,12]
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