Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes play a crucial role in regulating polar auxin distribution in diverse developmental processes, including tropic responses, embryogenesis, tissue differentiation, and organogenesis. However, the role of PIN-mediated auxin transport in various plant species is poorly understood. Currently, no information is available about this gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present investigation, we identified the PIN gene family in wheat to understand the evolution of PIN-mediated auxin transport and its role in various developmental processes and under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In this study, we performed genome-wide analysis of the PIN gene family in common wheat and identified 44 TaPIN genes through a homology search, further characterizing them to understand their structure, function, and distribution across various tissues. Phylogenetic analyses led to the classification of TaPIN genes into seven different groups, providing evidence of an evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. A gene exon/intron structure analysis showed a distinct evolutionary path and predicted the possible gene duplication events. Further, the physical and biochemical properties, conserved motifs, chromosomal, subcellular localization, transmembrane domains, and three-dimensional (3D) structure were also examined using various computational approaches. Cis-elements analysis of TaPIN genes showed that TaPIN promoters consist of phytohormone, plant growth and development, and stress-related cis-elements. In addition, expression profile analysis also revealed that the expression patterns of the TaPIN genes were different in different tissues and developmental stages. Several members of the TaPIN family were induced during biotic and abiotic stress. Moreover, the expression patterns of TaPIN genes were verified by qRT-PCR. The qRT-PCR results also show a similar expression with slight variation. Therefore, the outcome of this study provides basic genomic information on the expression of the TaPIN gene family and will pave the way for dissecting the precise role of TaPINs in plant developmental processes and different stress conditions.
Highlights
IntroductionThe phytohormone auxin plays a key role in plant developmental processes [1,2,3,4].Auxin forms gradients and concentration maxima in tissues and organs to stimulate diverse biological processes including gravitropism [5,6], organ initiation [7], leaf venation [8], apical dominance [9], embryo axis formation [10], root architecture [11], leaf vascular development [12], tropisms [13,14], fruit ripening [15], phototropism [16], phyllotactic patterning [17], lateral root emergence [18], root hair growth [19], apical hook development and root patterning [20], and sporophyte and male gametophyte development [21,22].Several researchers have demonstrated that metabolic changes and transport of auxin play a key role in tissue differentiation, embryogenesis, organogenesis, differential growth, and tropic responses [2,3,4,23,24,25,26]
We identified the PIN gene family in wheat to understand the evolution of PIN-mediated auxin transport and its role in various developmental processes and under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions
In the context that wheat is hexapolyploid with large genomes, we further examined the duplication events in the TaPIN gene family
Summary
The phytohormone auxin plays a key role in plant developmental processes [1,2,3,4].Auxin forms gradients and concentration maxima in tissues and organs to stimulate diverse biological processes including gravitropism [5,6], organ initiation [7], leaf venation [8], apical dominance [9], embryo axis formation [10], root architecture [11], leaf vascular development [12], tropisms [13,14], fruit ripening [15], phototropism [16], phyllotactic patterning [17], lateral root emergence [18], root hair growth [19], apical hook development and root patterning [20], and sporophyte and male gametophyte development [21,22].Several researchers have demonstrated that metabolic changes and transport of auxin play a key role in tissue differentiation, embryogenesis, organogenesis, differential growth, and tropic responses [2,3,4,23,24,25,26]. The phytohormone auxin plays a key role in plant developmental processes [1,2,3,4]. Auxin forms gradients and concentration maxima in tissues and organs to stimulate diverse biological processes including gravitropism [5,6], organ initiation [7], leaf venation [8], apical dominance [9], embryo axis formation [10], root architecture [11], leaf vascular development [12], tropisms [13,14], fruit ripening [15], phototropism [16], phyllotactic patterning [17], lateral root emergence [18], root hair growth [19], apical hook development and root patterning [20], and sporophyte and male gametophyte development [21,22]. Several researchers have demonstrated that metabolic changes and transport of auxin play a key role in tissue differentiation, embryogenesis, organogenesis, differential growth, and tropic responses [2,3,4,23,24,25,26]. The polar auxin transport between cells is facilitated by three major auxin transporter families: AUXIN-RESISTANT1 (AUX1)/AUX1-LIKEs proteins for auxin influx [5,30], PIN proteins [25,31], and ATP binding cassette family members for auxin efflux [32,33]
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