Abstract
Grape production in southern China suffers great loss due to various environmental stresses. To understand the mechanism of how the grape plants respond to these stresses is an active area of research in developing cultivation techniques. Plant stress resistance is known to rely on special proteins. Amongst them, DnaJ protein (HSP40) serves as co-chaperones of HSP70, playing crucial roles in various stress response. However, the DnaJ proteins encoded by the DnaJ gene family in Vitis vinifera L. have not been fully described yet. In this study, we identified 78 VvDnaJs in the grape genome that can be classified into three groups—namely, DJA, DJB, and DJC. To reveal the evolutionary and stress response mechanisms for the VvDnaJ gene family, their evolutionary and expression patterns were analyzed using the bioinformatic approach and qRT-PCR. We found that the members in the same group exhibited a similar gene structure and protein domain organization. Gene duplication analysis demonstrated that segmental and tandem duplication may not be the dominant pathway of gene expansion in the VvDnaJ gene family. Codon usage pattern analysis showed that the codon usage pattern of VvDnaJs differs obviously from the monocotyledon counterparts. Tissue-specific analysis revealed that 12 VvDnaJs present a distinct expression profile, implying their distinct roles in various tissues. Cis-acting element analysis showed that almost all VvDnaJs contained the elements responsive to either hormones or stresses. Therefore, the expression levels of VvDnaJs subjected to exogenous hormone applications and stress treatments were determined, and we found that VvDnaJs were sensitive to hormone treatments and shade, salt, and heat stresses, especially VIT_00s0324g00040. The findings of this study could provide comprehensive information for the further investigation on the genetics and protein functions of the DnaJ gene family in grape.
Highlights
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.), as a non-climacteric and economical fruit, has been world widely cultivated [1,2]
The grape genome was firstly screened for DnaJ proteins by using the hidden Markov model (HMM) profiles of DnaJ conserved domain (PF00226), DnaJ central domain (PF00648)
We discovered that the J-domain was composed of motif 3, 1, and 2, and motif 4 was located in the C-terminal domain, suggesting that motifs 1–4 played a critical role in the function of domains
Summary
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.), as a non-climacteric and economical fruit, has been world widely cultivated [1,2]. Grape production is often limited by various abiotic and biotic stresses during growth and development, especially the heat wave in summer. Increasing air temperature exacerbates the detrimental impact on grape growth and development and drastically influences the yield of grape production. In addition to heat stress, shade stress is a common environmental limitations during grape cultivation, which causes lower air flow and directly alters soil temperature and humidity [3]. Salt stress is one of the most detrimental environmental stresses as well, which leads to a series of responses at the morph-physiological and molecular levels with increasing exposure of soil salinity due to salt-induced ionic toxicity, osmotic, and ionic stress [4].
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