Abstract
Cannabis sativa is increasingly being grown around the world for medicinal, industrial, and recreational purposes. As in all cultivated plants, cannabis is exposed to a wide range of pathogens, including powdery mildew (PM). This fungal disease stresses cannabis plants and reduces flower bud quality, resulting in significant economic losses for licensed producers. The Mildew Locus O (MLO) gene family encodes plant-specific proteins distributed among conserved clades, of which clades IV and V are known to be involved in susceptibility to PM in monocots and dicots, respectively. In several studies, the inactivation of those genes resulted in durable resistance to the disease. In this study, we identified and characterized the MLO gene family members in five different cannabis genomes. Fifteen Cannabis sativa MLO (CsMLO) genes were manually curated in cannabis, with numbers varying between 14, 17, 19, 18, and 18 for CBDRx, Jamaican Lion female, Jamaican Lion male, Purple Kush, and Finola, respectively (when considering paralogs and incomplete genes). Further analysis of the CsMLO genes and their deduced protein sequences revealed that many characteristics of the gene family, such as the presence of seven transmembrane domains, the MLO functional domain, and particular amino acid positions, were present and well conserved. Phylogenetic analysis of the MLO protein sequences from all five cannabis genomes and other plant species indicated seven distinct clades (I through VII), as reported in other crops. Expression analysis revealed that the CsMLOs from clade V, CsMLO1 and CsMLO4, were significantly upregulated following Golovinomyces ambrosiae infection, providing preliminary evidence that they could be involved in PM susceptibility. Finally, the examination of variation within CsMLO1 and CsMLO4 in 32 cannabis cultivars revealed several amino acid changes, which could affect their function. Altogether, cannabis MLO genes were identified and characterized, among which candidates potentially involved in PM susceptibility were noted. The results of this study will lay the foundation for further investigations, such as the functional characterization of clade V MLOs as well as the potential impact of the amino acid changes reported. Those will be useful for breeding purposes in order to develop resistant cultivars.
Highlights
Cannabis sativa is a dicotyledonous plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family, and it is considered a socially and economically important crop as it is increasingly being grown and cultivated around the world
We were able to anchor all 14 CBDRx Cannabis sativa MLO (CsMLO) genes on their respective chromosomes, while two (CsMLO12-FN, CsMLO15-FN) and six (CsMLO1-PK_B, CsMLO2-PK, CsMLO4PK, CsMLO6-PK, CsMLO7-PK, CsMLO12-PK) Mildew Locus O (MLO) genes were located on unanchored contigs in Finola and Purple Kush, respectively (Supplementary Figure 1, Table 1, and Supplementary Tables 1, 4, 5)
The CBDRx genome showed an absence of MLO15, while this gene was present in all other cannabis genomes
Summary
Cannabis sativa is a dicotyledonous plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family, and it is considered a socially and economically important crop as it is increasingly being grown and cultivated around the world. Powdery mildew (PM) is a widespread plant disease caused by ascomycete fungi of the order Erysiphales, for which more than 800 species have been described (Braun and Cook, 2012) They are obligate biotrophs that form invasive structures in epidermal cells for nutrient uptake, called haustoria (Glawe, 2008). Alternative approaches to managing this disease have been described, such as the use of biological control (e.g., Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713), reduced risk products (e.g., potassium bicarbonate, knotweed extract), and physical methods (e.g., de-leafing, irradiation) (Punja, 2021). Some of these methods increase production costs, are labor-intensive, and necessitate further research.
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